Energy greenhouse gas emission inventory in Batu City

The development of the tourism sector in Batu City is in line with the development of non-agricultural activities in Batu City that dominates 66.7% of Batu City’s land use pattern. This pattern is related to the energy demand in Batu City and contributes to the increasing GHG emissions from the energy sector. The energy sector contributes 24-25% of GHG emissions and it will increase along with further development of activities. The GHG emission inventory is an important step related to GHG emission reduction, and, due to the uncertainty of GHG emission distribution, the inventory was based on the sources of emission. The main purpose of this research is to make an inventory of the amount of GHG emission from the energy sector in Batu City from 3 main emission sources in Batu, namely transportation, commercial, and household. The analytical method used is the Tier 1 approach using a database of energy consumption and the number of activities as an emission source. The results show that the total amount of GHG emissions from the energy sector in Batu City is 2,562,159,822,007.89 kg/year with an average increase of 0.75% per year and is dominated by emission sources from the household sector. The average increase in GHG emissions from the transportation sector is 58.83% with a significant increase in 2015. In the commercial sector, the average annual increase in GHG emissions is 3.83%, and the household sector—as the largest energy consumer—has an average increase in GHG emissions each year of 0.75%.

Biogas efficiency from cow dung waste in strengthening energy security during the covid-19 pandemic through a dynamic modeling system

During Covid-19 pandemic, the increase in LPG types was 0.6-2.4 million BOE, while in the household sector it was 2.3-6.9 million BOE, so causes LPG import growth ratio to increase by 4.8%/year (BPPT, 2020). Therefore, it is necessary to make efforts to suppress LPG imports by increasing the supply of EBT in the household sector with biogas production. The research aims to look at the biogas production modeling system from the resulting cow dung waste. The research method that studies the literature is based on modeling data based on data obtained using Powersim 10. The results showed that LPG demand in 2020 is 2.4 million BOE that could be fulfilled by a biogas source from 9539238.75 kg ~ 0.9 metric tons cow dung waste. This cow dung waste is able to produce 381569.55 m3/kg of methane gas which is equivalent to 0.59 metric tons LPG, savings Rp 690 M; 103 million liters gasoline, savings Rp 793 M; 64.8 million liters diesel fuel, savings Rp 333.8 M; 80 million liters kerosene, savings Rp 1 T; 4.53 metric tons wood, savings Rp 4.5 T. This favorable situation must be immediately felt by the community with an estimate of future benefits.

Ejector refrigeration: perspectives and comparative analysis

Within the broader discussion regarding the decarbonisation of the household sector, ejector refrigeration is attracting a growing attention. This communication contributes to the present day discussion concerning the performances and the perspectives in ejector refrigeration systems. Based on a very large dataset, gathered from the previous literature (encompassing a wide range of system design, operating conditions and refrigerants), this paper proposes a comprehensive comparative analysis. First, the current trends in ejector refrigeration systems, refrigerants and performances are presented. Second, the relationships between ejector performances, refrigerants and boundary conditions (in terms of non-dimensional temperatures, to ensure generality of the proposed analysis) are presented. In conclusion, this paper is intended to provide guidelines for perspective researchers and practitioners interested in selecting suitable ejector-based systems.

Formation of institutional structural determinants of endogenous influence on the level of gross saving in Ukraine

The article analyzes domestic institutional structural determinants of gross saving (GS) in Ukraine in order to identify the causes of the critical decline in GS and, accordingly, in gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) in 2019-2021. The diagnosis was made based on indicators of annual and quarterly national accounts of Ukraine with the definition of positive and negative factors influencing GS by institutional sectors, as well as subsectors of nonfinancial corporations and households. This approach made it possible to reveal the hidden causes of the decline in gross saving in Ukraine, as well as the decline in GS capitalization and the deep investment crisis in 2020. The author shows that the shock tariff increase in 2015 provoked a significant redistribution of income and savings between the institutional sectors and their subsectors. It is found that of all structural determinants, fluctuations in the level of GS in the subsector of private nonfinancial corporations are most affected by the changes in the share of gross operating surplus, (GOS) and by the large-scale outflow of financial resources through the property income channel, which varies closely depending on the growth of borrowing. These fluctuations are also affected by zero and abrupt cycles in raising the minimum wage. At the same time, it is proved that the inconsistency of the government's tariff and social policies created a two-fold gap between the statutory social standards and their actual level, which led to significant decline in living standards, especially for the recipients of property income and transfer incoms, turning them into chronic negative borrowers with negative gross saving. This had a negative impact on the GS of the whole household sector. Deepening the analysis to the level of GS structural determinants of the households subsectors shows that the high levels of GS in the subsector of self-employed workers and the subsector of employers do not correspond to the low levels of their gross fixed capital formation, i.e. a significant share of GS of these subsectors does not become a full source of national investment. The author outlines the directions for desired changes in the structural determinants of endogenous impact on the GS level in the household sector and proposes a number of government measures that could positively affect the distribution of income between the institutional sectors and subsectors and, accordingly, the level of GS.

Consumption-Based CO2 Emissions Accounting And Scenario Simulation In Asia And Pacific Region

This study uses a consumer-based accounting approach to evaluate CO2 emission factors of 17 major Asia and Pacific countries that distribute all emissions in the supply chain to the commodity up to the final consumption location due to the influence of a country's consumption patterns. In addition, the number of emissions connected with each country's consumption of products and services, mainly in Asia and the Pacific countries, has received little attention. This study contributes to understand the effects of the country's consumption of products and services on carbon emission peaks and formulate efficient carbon-mitigation plans for governments and decision-makers. The accelerating economic growth and industrialization have posed significant challenges to global carbon-mitigation efforts and climate change response; as a result, each country has been provided a higher emphasis on CO2 emission. The Monte Carlo simulation technique has been used to create a dynamic scenario simulation model to investigate possible future peaks of Asia and Pacific countries' carbon emissions, considering the uncertainties of factors. The result shows that total consumption-based CO2 emissions are remarkable in the three Asian countries, including China (387451.95 metric tons (Mt) CO2), Japan (185259.60 Mt CO2), and India (100720.46 Mt CO2). In South Korea, Brunei, and Taiwan, annual consumption emissions are 1.77, 1.62, and 1.49 tons of CO2 per person. In terms of final consumption, the household sector is the supreme noteworthy donor to consumption-based emissions, accounting for 27–56%. The household sector probably peak at 19.7 Gt CO2 as per the dynamic scenario simulation. As for three other types of final demand, the government expenditure will possibly reach at highest 44.0 Gt CO2 by the next 30 years while the capital formation will probably hit its highest emissions at 149.5 Gt CO2.

The Consumption of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) by the European Union Households between 2004 and 2019

The paper provides the analysis of fuel and energy transition in households sector and its sustainable development in the period 2004–2019. The main purpose of the paper is to determine the development trends in the use of renewable energy sources (RES) in the EU countries household sector in 2004–2019, to recognize the state of development and functioning of the studied area as well as to indicate their successes and shortcomings in observed reality. The article employs the results of Energy balance sheets from Eurostat. The research entity were households from 28 European Union countries, with particular emphasis on households from Poland and selected neighboring countries. The research subjects there were different sources of renewable energy used by households, i.e., solar thermal system, geothermal technologies, primary solid biofuels, charcoal, biogases, blended biogasoline, blended biodiesels, ambient heat (heat pumps). To achieve the research objective a number of statistical measures ands methods, including cluster analysis and linear trend indicator applied. In the analyzed 16 years, an absolute and relative increase in the use of RES in the household sector was noticed. Taking into account the specificity of using RES in households, 6 clusters of countries were distinguished. In Poland, it was noted that there was a significant increase in the use of RES in households, with stagnation in the use of non-renewable energy sources, such as, for example, hard coal.