Optimization of benzyl amino purines (BAP) concentration and medium type on the induction of banana shoots (Musa acuminata Colla.) cv. Barangan Merah under in vitro condition

The use of optimum concentration of BAP and the right medium type can support shoot induction on the explant of banana sucker cv.Barangan Merah. The Research was conducted at the Laboratory of Tissue Culture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Syiah Kuala. This research used a completely randomized 3x3 factorial design. The first factor was Benzyl Amino Purines (BAP) concentration at three levels of concentration, i.e. control, 3 mg.L-1, and 6 mg.L-1. The second factor was Musrahige & Skoog (MS) medium type at three levels, i.e. solid, solid-liquid, and liquid. Results showed that the BAP treatment of 3 mg.L-1 had the biggest response to the number of open midribs compared to other BAP treatments. The type of solid medium tends to shoot induction better than other types of medium. The contamination that occurred was 13.9% of the 72 explants planted. The contamination was caused by Mucor and Aspergillus fungi. The bacteria causing the contamination were gram positive bacteria (coccus) and gram-negative bacteria (coccus and bacilli).

Production of Gynogenic Plants of Red Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) in Unpollinated Ovule Culture In Vitro

The unique and balanced components of the biochemical composition, together with high antioxidant activity, make the red beet necessary a dietary vegetable crop, much contributing to healthy food ration. The application of the technology for producing gynogenic plants in vitro increases the genetic diversity and significantly reduces the period of time required to obtain the appropriate homozygous lines used to create the F1 hybrids that are demanded in the market. For induction of gynogenesis, we used IMB medium developed by us with the addition of 55 g/L sucrose, 3 g/L phytogel, 200 mg/L ampicillin, and 0.4 mg/L thidiazuron (TDZ) and cultured at 28 °C in the dark for 4–6 weeks. Shoot regeneration from embryoids and callus was performed on MS medium with 20 g/L sucrose, 3 g/L phytogel, 1 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), and 0.1 mg/L gibberellic acid (GA3). Immersion of the obtained microshoots with 5–7 well-developed leaves for 10–15 s into concentrated sterile indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) solution (50 mg/L) followed by their cultivation on solid medium ½ IMB with 2% sucrose and 3 g/L phytogel was the most efficient method for root formation. The addition of silver nitrate (22 mg/L) to the nutrient medium provoked an increase in the number of induced ovules up to nine per Petri dish (up to 25% of induced ovules). Gynogenic development was produced in six out of 11 genotypes studied, and the plants that were then acclimatized to ex vitro conditions were obtained in three genotypes (Nezhnost’, Dobrynya, b/a 128). The evaluation of ploidy of gynogenic plants that was carried out by flow cytometry and direct counting of chromosomes stained with propion-lacmoide revealed that all obtained gynogenic plants were haploids (2n = x = 9).

Experimental studies of vibration fields of a freight train in the far zone

The article analyzes the sources of radiation of seismic and acoustic signals of railway transport. To determine the wave structure of the seismic field of freight train in the experiment, a linear antenna was used, located at a distance of 1000 m from the railway track. A fine spectral analysis of the seismic signal reveals the presence of two harmonics in the frequency range 1–6 Hz. One of the dominant in amplitude discrete coincides in frequency with the harmonic of the acoustic signal, which indicates the refraction of the acoustic wave into a solid medium at the location of the seismic sensor. The source of the infrasonic signal at the specified frequency can be the resonant oscillation of the car on the spring suspension elasticity. The second discrete at a frequency of 2.7 Hz remains unchanged during the movement of various trains and is even present in microseismic noise, which indicates the imposition of a layered structure of a solid medium. The propagation velocity of this harmonic of the seismic signal is less than the velocity of sound. The totality of the marked features makes it possible to identify this wave with the surface wave formed by the layer.

Explicit-Implicit Schemes for Calculating the Dynamics of Layered Media with Nonlinear Conditions at Contact Boundaries

In this paper we consider the problem of dynamic loading of a deformable solid medium con- taining slip planes with nonlinear slip conditions on them. An explicit-implicit scheme was constructed for the numerical solution of the constitutive system of equations, which exactly reduces to correcting the stress tensor values after performing the elastic step. An implicit approximation of the constitutive relations containing a small parameter in the denominator of the nonlinear free term was used with the second order of the approximation. The correction procedure is applicable for those cases when the viscosity parameter of interlayers providing the sliding mode of the contact boundaries is not small. The solution of the problem of the seismic waves propagation in an inhomogeneous fractured geological massif in a two-dimensional case was obtained numerically

A novel growth and isolation medium for exoelectrogenic bacteria

A microbiological isolation and growth medium that can effectively discriminate electrochemically active exoelectrogenic bacteria from other non-exoelectrogenic bacteria, is currently unavailable. In this study, we developed a novel chromogenic growth and isolation solid medium based on MnO2 that can selectively allow the growth of exoelectrogenic bacteria and change the medium colour in the process. Known exoelectrogenic bacteria such as Shewanella oneidensis MR1 and other such bacteria from functional microbial fuel cell (MFC) anodes were capable of growing and changing colour in the novel growth medium. On the contrary, non-exoelectrogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 were incapable of growing and inducing a colour changes in the novel medium. Further biochemical characterisation of these isolated exoelectrogenic bacteria by Raman micro-spectroscopy demonstrated that these bacteria over express cytochrome proteins that are vital in extracellular electron transfer events. This medium is a convenient method to isolate exoelectrogenic bacteria from complex environmental samples.

Antifungal activity of extracts of Melia azedarach and Ageratum conyzoides against Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae through in vitro test

Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae is one of the pathogens of the cocoa dieback disease. Currently, the disease is considered a significant disease in cocoa, which is a newly emerging disease in Sulawesi. The control tools and methods remain unexplored comprehensively. The main objective of this study was to evaluate Melia azedarach and Ageratum conyzoides leaf extract to inhibit the growth of the L. pseudotheobromae. Three different concentrations were applied for each weed extract, namely: 1%, 3%, and 5%. The experiment was conducted through the poison food technique method both in solid medium and liquid medium. M. azedarach and A. conyzoides were significantly inhibited the colony growth of L. pseudotheobromae in all concentrations in solid medium. However, A. conyzoides 5% performed well to suppress the colony growth of L. pseudotheobromae (42.7%), followed by M. azedarach 5% (16.0%). The mycelium biomass of L. pseudotheobromae was significantly inhibited by M. azedarach and A. conyzoides as well. A. conyzoides 5% showed a higher inhibition of the fungal biomass either wet biomass (90.3%) or dry biomass (95.5%), followed by M. azedarach 5% both wet biomass (85.6%) and dry biomass (78.1%). M. azedarach and A. conyzoides remain to inhibit the colony growth and fungal biomass regardless of the type of concentrations. M. azedarach and A. conyzoides can potentially be an option for controlling dieback disease caused by L. pseudotheobromae.

Biodegradation of Polypropylene By Pseudomonas Aeruginosaisolated From Wastewater Associated Soil; A Potential Method To Eliminate The Plastic Pollution To Save Ecosystem

The face mask introduction in SARS-CoV-2 pandemic situation, one of the precautionary measure to reduce the rate of transmission of infection from person to person. There are many type of of face masks enter into our global market with various size and designs. Among those, surgical mask belongs to secure an important place and this aimed to evaluate the degrading efficiency disposable face masks (single use face masks). The present study dealt with, biodegradation of face masks which is made of polypropylene with the help of bacterial strainPesudomonasaeruginosaisolated from the plastic waste dumping sites in an around the Tiruchirappalli, India. The bacteriacould degrade PP mask via the formation of biofilm on a solid medium. To degrade the PP, the mask pieces were incubated with the culture of P. aeruginosain three different solid and liquid medium (nutrient agar, Bushnell Haas agar and mineral salt medium) for 30 days at 37ᵒC. The microbial degradation(up to 33% of weight reduction of PP films within 30 days) was proved by surface changes along with the variation in the intensity of functional groups as well as carbonyl index variations using Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) and Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. These results suggested that P.aeruginosa strain can prove to be a suitable candidate for polypropylene mask biodegradation without causing any impairment to our health or environment.

Accumulation of 4-Deoxy-7-Hydroxytrichothecenes, but Not 4,7-Dihydroxytrichothecenes, in Axenic Culture of a Transgenic Nivalenol Chemotype Expressing the NX-type FgTri1 Gene

Fusarium graminearum species complex produces type B trichothecenes oxygenated at C-7. In axenic liquid culture, F. graminearum mainly accumulates one of the three types of trichothecenes, namely 3-acetyldeoxyinvalenol, 15-acetyldeoxyinvalenol, or mixtures of 4,15-diacetylnivalenol/4-acetylnivalenol, depending on each strain’s genetic background. The acetyl groups of these trichothecenes are slowly deacetylated to give deoxynivalenol (DON) or nivalenol (NIV) on solid medium culture. Due to the evolution of F. graminearum FgTri1, encoding a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase responsible for hydroxylation at both C-7 and C-8, new derivatives of DON, designated as NX-type trichothecenes, have recently emerged. To assess the risks of emergence of new NX-type trichothecenes, we examined the effects of replacing FgTri1 in the three chemotypes with FgTri1_NX chemotype, which encodes a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that can only hydroxylate C-7 of trichothecenes. Similar to the transgenic DON chemotypes, the transgenic NIV chemotype strain accumulated NX-type 4-deoxytrichothecenes in axenic liquid culture. C-4 oxygenated trichothecenes were marginal, despite the presence of a functional FgTri13 encoding a C-4 hydroxylase. At present, outcrossing of the currently occurring NX chemotype with NIV chemotype strains of F. graminearum in the natural environment likely will not yield a new strain that produces a C-4 oxygenated NX-type trichothecene.

Ginger Rhizome Rot caused by the Enterobacter cloacae in Tangshan, China

Ginger (Zingiber officinale ROSC.) is an important economic crop in China, especially the rhizome tissue has a high medicinal value. In July 2019, the symptom of ginger rhizome rot appeared in Tangshan city of Hebei Province, with incidence rates of 15%. The diseased part of ginger rhizome became soft and presented light brown maceration. Serious internal all erosion, only have epidermis, gray-white juice overflowed the epidermis, and with foul smell. The surface of ginger rhizome was disinfected with 1% NaOCl, and colonies were isolated and purified on nutrient agar (NA) solid medium by streak plate method. Eight isolates were obtained from 15 diseased tissue samples. Further morphological, physiological and biochemical identification of the pure cultured bacteria were carried out. Two isolates of bacteria were picked for further analysis. The bacteria were gram-negative bacilli, which were milky white and round protuberances on NA solid medium. Physiological and biochemical test results showed that isolates were facultatively anaerobic, gelatin liquefaction; negative for indole, methyl red, hydrogen sulfide production and the Voges-Prauskauer test (V-P); positive for D-glucose, sucrose, sorbitol, inositol, mannitol and citrate utilization. A typical hypersensitive reaction was induced on 12-week-old tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) leaves, which were inoculated by injecting suspensions of the isolated strain (108 CFU/mL) at 25℃ after 24-h. These characteristics were consistent with Enterobacter spp. To further assess the identity of the species, the genomic DNA was extracted from one bacterium（SDXJ1）. The partial 16S rRNA gene and specific rpoB and gyrB genes were amplified and sequenced with primers 27F/1492R, CM7/CM31b and UP1f/UP2r (Brady et al. 2013, Mollet et al. 1997, Lane 1991). The obtained 16S and rpoB sequences (GenBank accession MK937637, MZ911902 and MZ911901) of the isolate showed 99.33%, 99.21% and 99.57% identity to the corresponding sequences of Enterobacter cloacae in GenBank (CP055458, AP022228 and AP022519). Maximum likelihood analysis was performed, and the phylogenetic tree clustered with E. cloacae (MEGAX, Bootstrap n=1000). The pathogenicity of the isolates was tested on ginger plants and rhizomes tissue. The bacterial suspensions (108 CFU/mL) of two isolates were injected into the basal stem and rhizomes center of 6 healthy ginger seedlings respectively, and control groups were treated with sterile water. The inoculated plants were kept in a moist chamber (28°C, 16-h light and 8-h dark period) and ginger rhizomes were placed in the incubator (30°C, 16-h light and 8-h dark period). Seven days after inoculation, the ginger tubers showed symptoms of decay, and 20 to 25 days later, the ginger plant leaves browned and died. The pathogenicity test was repeated 4 times and all controls were healthy. The pathogens of symptomatic plants and ginger rhizomes were studied. They were identified as E. cloacae by physiological, biochemical and molecular biological methods, fulfilling Koch's hypothesis. This is the first report of the ginger rhizome rot caused by the Enterobacter cloacae in Tangshan, China. The research results are of great significance for the prevention and control of the disease. Our laboratory has reported that Citrobacter freundii can cause Ginger Rot. (Zhao et al. 2021) Whether the two strains infect alone or compound in the field still needs to be further explored.