Mycotoxin absorbents in dairy cattle

Ingestion of mycotoxins by animals causes damage to the production system and can still be transferred to animal products, including milk. Due to its carcinogenic and genotoxic potential, the intake of mycotoxins, especially aflatoxins, is relevant to human health. The use of mycotoxin-absorbing agents has gained attention in dairy cattle nutrition. Therefore, it aimed to conduct a literature review on the use of mycotoxin absorbers in the dairy cattle diet. Mycotoxin absorbing agents can be of organic or inorganic origin, the inorganic ones being the most studied. Inorganic and organic agents have been shown to be effective in reducing the transfer of aflatoxin M1 to milk. However, the inclusion of mixed agents (organic and inorganic) is promising as a potential for mycotoxin absorption. In general, organic, inorganic and mixed absorbents showed positive results in improving the antioxidant and inflammatory status in the liver.

Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects of Composite Resins on Cultured Human Gingival Fibroblasts

The aim of the study was to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of five commercially available dental composite resins (CRs), investigating the effect of their quantifiable bisphenol-A-glycidyl-methacrylate (Bis-GMA) and/or triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) release. Experiments were performed using the method of soaking extracts, which were derived from the immersion of the following CRs in the culture medium: Clearfil-Majesty-ES-2, GrandioSO, and Enamel-plus-HRi (Bis-GMA-based); Enamel-BioFunction and VenusDiamond (Bis-GMA-free). Human Gingival Fibroblasts (hGDFs) were employed as the cellular model to mimic in vitro the oral cavity milieu, where CRs simultaneously release various components. Cell metabolic activity, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity were used as cellular outcomes. Results showed that only VenusDiamond and Enamel-plus-HRi significantly affected the hGDF cell metabolic activity. In accordance with this, although no CR-derived extract induced a significantly detectable oxidative stress, only VenusDiamond and Enamel-plus-HRi induced significant genotoxicity. Our findings showed, for the CRs employed, a cytotoxic and genotoxic potential that did not seem to depend only on the actual Bis-GMA or TEGDMA content. Enamel-BioFunction appeared optimal in terms of cytotoxicity, and similar findings were observed for Clearfil-Majesty-ES-2 despite their different Bis-GMA/TEGDMA release patterns. This suggested that simply excluding one specific monomer from the CR formulation might not steadily turn out as a successful approach for improving their biocompatibility.