CIRI MORFOSEMANTIK AFIKS DERIVASIONAL {ME(N)-} DALAM KONSTRUKSI VERBA DENUMERAL BAHASA INDONESIA (Morphosemantic Features of Derivational Affix {Me(N)-} in The Indonesian Denumeral Verb Constructions)

Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan ciri-ciri morfosemantik afiks derivasional {me(N)-} dalam konstruksi verba denumeralia bahasa Indonesia (bI). Konstruksi verba denumeralia dipahami sebagai kata kerja derivasional atau verba turunan. Sebagai konstruksi derivasional, sumber asal verba denumeralia adalah kata bilangan atau numeralia. Beberapa contoh konstruksi dalam bI antara lain (a) {menyatu} seperti dalam klausa “setiap reaksi hidup kita akan menyatu dengan Firman-Nya” dan (b) {mendua} seperti dalam klausa “banyak kata yang kini artinya mendua”. Data dalam penelitian ini berupa konstruksi verba denumeralia berpemarkah afiks {me(N)-}. Sumber data adalah korpus bI dengan identitas Leipzig Corpora Collection dengan alamat https://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=ind_mixed_2013. Data dikumpulkan melalui teknik korpus. Data dianalisis berdasarkan teknik bagi unsur langsung dengan mengacu pada teori Morfologi Derivasional (Lieber, 2017) dan Semantik Transposisional (Lieber, 2015). Berdasarkan analisis, dihasilkan dua temuan sebagai berikut. Pertama, secara umum afiks derivasional {me(N)-} berstatus sebagai pembawa ciri morfosemantik pada proses derivasi numeralia ke dalam verba. Tanpa kehadiran afiks {me(N)-}, ciri-ciri verba tidak dapat disematkan pada numeralia. Kedua, secara khusus, konstruksi verba denumeralia berpemarkah {me(N)-} memiliki kecenderungan untuk (a) menderivasikan numeralia kardinal baik takrif maupun tak takrif, (b) membentuk tipe semantis verba ‘proses’ dan makna gramatikal “X menjadi Y”, dan (c) memberikan status peran ‘pengalam’ pada argumen letak kiri yang menyertai VDnum. Sebagai simpulan, dapat dinyatakan bahwa ciri morfosemantik afiks derivasional {me(N)-} dalam konstruksi VDnum tercipta melalui proses morfologi derivasional. Ciri tersebut dapat dideskripsikan ketika afiks {me(N)-} berdistribusi secara lengkap bersama numeralia kardinal dalam suatu konstituen verba bI. This study aims to describe the morphosemantic characteristics of derivational affix {me(N)-} in the construction of Indonesian denumeral verbs (bI). Denumeral verb construction is understood as a verb or derived verb. As a derivational construction, the source of the origin of denumeral verbs is the word number or numeralia. Some examples of constructions in bI include (a) uniting as in the clause that every reaction of our lives will unite with His Word and (b) ambiguity as in the clause of many words which now have two meanings. The data in this study are denumeral verb constructions with affix mark {me(N)-}. The data source is the bI corpus with the identity of the Leipzig Corpora Collection with the address https://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=ind_mixed_2013. Data were collected through the corpus technique. The data were analyzed based on the technique for direct elements regarding the theory of Derivational Morphology (Lieber, 2017) and Semantics of Transposition (Lieber, 2015). Based on the analysis, two findings were produced as follows. First, in general, derivational affixes {me(N)-} have the status as carriers of morphosemantic characteristics in the derivation process of numerals into verbs. Signs of the presence of affixes {me(N)-}, verb characteristics cannot be attached to numerals. ralia. Second, in particular, the construction of denumeral verbs marked with {me(N)-} tends to (a) derive cardinal numerals both indicative and non-descriptive, (b) form the semantic type of the verb 'process' and the grammatical meaning of "x menjadi Y, and (c) assigns the role state 'experience' to the left position argument accompanying veba. In conclusion, it can be stated that the morphosemantic characteristics of derivational affix {me(N)-} in the construction of denumeral verbs are created through a derivational morphological process. These characteristics can be described when the affix {me(N)-} is completely distributed with cardinal numerals in a constituent verb of bI.

Sufijación y género gramatical

Suffixation and Grammatical Gender. The presence in the Spanish language of words like la silla (chair) and el sillón (armchair), el lago (lake) and la laguna (lagoon), la casa (house) and el caserón (mansion) or la corbata (tie) and el corbatín (bow tie), leads us to wonder if the grammatical gender change in these pairs of non-sexed nouns is justified due to a variation in the size of the object – a type traditionally studied as a dimensional genre – or if it is imposed by the suffix that is added to the root in one of the forms, irrespective of whether or not it is a modification based on the dimensions of the object. Under this approach, we will try to address a topic which pivots on flexive morphology and derivational morphology and to which the etymology of each of the analysed forms will have a great deal to contribute in order to draw conclusive results. Keywords: grammatical gender, suffix, derivational morphology, flexive morphology

On the interplay between tense marking, aspect and temporal continuity in Udora Komi

The Udora dialect of Zyrian Komi lacks the morphological opposition between the present and future tenses that is found in other Komi dialects and the written standard. The morphemes corresponding to these tenses are, however, found in this dialect, with individual verbs showing a strong tendency to choose one of the two. This study shows that the two morphemes are not in free variation but rather carry various grammatical meanings, and that the variants are strongly connected to the lexical aspect of individual verbs. Due to the rigidity of the system, the authors refer to the variants here as conjugation types. The -as- conjugation type, which corresponds to the Standard Komi future marker, occurs with all transitive verbs and a majority of intransitive verbs. However, the study also identifies a group of intransitive verbs occurring with the conjugation type -e̮-. The verbs in the latter group can be analysed as temporally continuous. Additionally, there are other subgroupings that can be postulated, including verbs that describe involuntary actions. The system interacts in a predictable manner with Komi derivational morphology. The study also corroborates the previously proposed historical connection between this characteristic of verbal morphology in the Udora dialect and Old Komi. The authors suggest that the verbal morphology seen in these Komi varieties must predate the contemporary tense system. The study provides a new direction for analysing the development of the tense system in the Permic languages, as it is shown that the factors underlying the variation extend beyond transitivity. As a previously undescribed phenomenon, the study describes the use of the Udora conjugation types in narrative tense structuring and demonstrate parallels with Standard Komi.

Asymmetric Morphological Priming Among Inflected and Derived Verbs and Nouns in Greek

The present study examined differences between inflectional and derivational morphology using Greek nouns and verbs with masked priming (with both short and long stimulus onset asynchrony) and long-lag priming. A lexical decision task to inflected noun and verb targets was used to test whether their processing is differentially facilitated by prior presentation of their stem in words of the same grammatical class (inflectional morphology) or of a different grammatical class (derivational morphology). Differences in semantics, syntactic information, and morphological complexity between inflected and derived word pairs (both nouns and verbs) were minimized by unusually tight control of stimuli as permitted by Greek morphology. Results showed that morphological relations affected processing of morphologically complex Greek words (nouns and verbs) across prime durations (50–250ms) as well as when items intervened between primes and targets. In two of the four experiments (Experiments 1 and 3), inflectionally related primes produced significantly greater effects than derivationally related primes suggesting differences in processing inflectional versus derivational morphological relations, which may disappear when processing is less dependent on semantic effects (Experiment 4). Priming effects differed for verb vs. noun targets with long SOA priming (Experiment 3), consistent with processing differences between complex words of different grammatical class (nouns and verbs) when semantic effects are maximized. Taken together, results demonstrate that inflectional and derivational relations differentially affect processing complex words of different grammatical class (nouns and verbs). This finding indicates that distinctions of morphological relation (inflectional vs. derivational) are not of the same kind as distinctions of grammatical class (nouns vs. verbs). Asymmetric differences among inflected and derived verbs and nouns seem to depend on semantic effects and/or processing demands modulating priming effects very early in lexical processing of morphologically complex written words, consistent with models of lexical processing positing early access to morphological structure and early influence of semantics.

History of the Spanish Lexicon

From an historical perspective, the Spanish lexicon consists of three different categories: (1) its historical core of words inherited from the Latin spoken in the Roman province of Hispania; (2) loanwords that entered Spanish over its long history as a result of contact at the levels of both oral and written discourse with other languages; and (3) words created internally through such mechanisms of derivational morphology as suffixation, prefixation, compounding, back-formations, and so on. Over the last 150 years, specialists in the history of the Spanish language have studied in considerable detail all three sources of lexical material. Although most of the lexical items inherited from spoken Latin have cognates in many (in some cases, all) of the Romance languages, Spanish has preserved some words that live on only in Spanish (and neighboring Portuguese) or only in Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian, the geographical extremes of the Romance-speaking world, far removed from the centers of linguistic innovation. As a result of language contact, loanwords from the pre-Roman languages of the Iberian Peninsula, Visigothic, Arabic, Gallo-Romance (northern and southern French), Portuguese, Catalan, Italian, classical Latin, native languages of the New World, and English have entered and taken root in the Spanish lexicon. Although such lexical borrowings have often been studied within a cultural framework, recent research has focused on their introduction and incorporation as examples of contact-induced language change at the level of the lexicon. Throughout its history, Spanish has increased the size of its vocabulary through the creation of neologisms through processes of suffixation, prefixation, and composition. The study of such items has traditionally been the focus of specialists in diachronic derivational morphology. This subfield constitutes in many respects an important component of diachronic lexicology. Indeed, etymology and diachronic derivational morphology are two sides of the same coin. Lexical history is not limited to the study of additions to the vocabulary. Over time, many words have fallen into disuse or have become obsolete. Some recent work on the history of the Spanish lexicon has examined the various external and internal/structural causes of lexical loss in the history of the Spanish lexicon.

Non-inflectional plural in yucatec maya

This chapter examines the morphosyntactic properties of optional, non-inflectional plural marking in Yucatec Maya. Evidence is presented that suggests that the non-inflectional plural in Yucatec Maya adjoins to the Determiner Phrase rather than heading the Number Phrase as in better-known languages. Plural marking cannot occur inside of compounds, derivational morphology, or on a prenominal adjective. Additionally, it can adjoin to the second linear noun of a conjoined noun phrase and modify either or both of the conjuncts. The results of a sentence production experiment with speakers of Yucatec Maya are summarized and provide additional support for the Determiner Phrase–adjoined hypothesis. The Yucatec Maya facts are discussed in the wider context of cross-linguistic variation in the typology of plural marking and the implications for linguistic theory and models of language processing.

Derivational Morphology in Urdu: A Lexical Morphology Approach

From the theoretical perspective of lexical morphology (LM), this paper analyzes neutral and non-neutral affixes and their general organizational position in the morphology of derived words in Urdu. It explores the properties and behavior that Urdu affixes exercise during their attachment or insertion into roots/bases to produce new words, to question the assumptions of LM. Nine hundred and eighty sample words were randomly selected from our observations, articles in Urdu newspapers, and Urdu news television channels in Pakistan. While LM helps a lot regarding the analysis of neutral and non-neutral affixes, its assumptions concerning the hierarchical organization of affixes in derived word-formations do not correspond with the morphology of words in Urdu. This paper contributes as an initial step toward formulating a theory of the morphology of derived words in Urdu – a language rarely theoretically analyzed regarding the morphology of its derived words.