CHEMICAL CONTROL OF PEACHES FROM CLASTEROSPORIOSIS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

Peach varieties Istikbol and Gulnoz were found to be resistant to clasterosporiosis. The incidence rate ranged from 13.0 to 45.0%, with the severity of the disease from 8.0 to 22.7%. In the fight against clasterosporiosis, the chemical method is considered the most effective. For chemical protection, it is recommended early spring triple treatment of trees in the following terms: 1 - before the buds swell; 2 - after blooming of trees; 3 - two weeks after blooming, with one of the following fungicides: Skor 250 EC (normally 0.02% suspension), Kresoxin 50% WDG. (0.02%), Topsin-M 70% WP (0.1%) and Falcon 46% EC (0.05%) against peach clasterosporiosis. KEYWORDS: peach, fungus, disease, clasterosporiosis, fungicide, efficiency, productivity

Forecasting the time stock for chemical plant protection based on computer simulations

The approach, algorithm, and intelligent system of support of decision-making of management for forecasting of time fund for the performance of the mechanized chemical protection of plants are offered. They are based on the formation of a database and knowledge of the weather from the Open Weather Map service for individual countries and their regions. They provide the formation of databases and knowledge for a given country or its region, taking into account the characteristics of natural, climatic, and industrial conditions based on computer modelling. Also, the proposed intelligent management decision support system provides a systematically accountable set of variable agrometeorological components of the mechanized chemical plant protection system and their impact on the projected time fund of the relevant work. Based on the use of the developed intelligent system of support of acceptance of administrative decisions forecasting of time fund for the performance of the mechanized chemical protection of plants and the set natural-climatic and industrial conditions is executed. The climatically admissible time fund model for mechanized chemical protection of plants during the day for May, which is described by Weibull distribution, is substantiated. The obtained research results can be used by managers of agricultural enterprises during the management processes of forecasting the time fund for the implementation of mechanized chemical plant protection. The developed intelligent decision support system provides further research on forecasting the time fund for the implementation of mechanized chemical plant protection and substantiation of its models for different countries and their regions.

Alkaloid Distribution in Seeds of Argemone mexicana L. (Papaveraceae)

Seeds of Argemone mexicana L. accumulate significative amounts of sanguinarine. The analysis of the distribution of this alkaloid through the tissues of mature seeds revealed that up to 60 % of its contents was found tightly fixed to the different components of the seed external covers where it persisted during seedling germination. Contrastingly, sanguinarine contents in cotyledon accounted for the remaining 40 % and it could have been, at least partially, mobilized to the newly formed hypocotyls during emergence from seeds. Berberine was only detected in immature seeds and in seedlings once cotyledons were totally displayed. These results are discussed as a possible sanguinarine role in the chemical protection during seedlings germination. Resumen. Semillas de Argemone mexicana L. acumulan cantidades elevadas de sanguinarina. Un análisis de la distribución de alcaloides en los diferentes tejidos que componen la semilla reveló que hasta un 60 % del contenido se encontraba fuertemente unido en las capas que forman la cubierta exterior, donde se retuvieron durante la emergencia del hipocótilo. En contraste, los cotiledones presentaron el 40 % restante y parte de ello pudo haber sido movilizado al hipocótilo al emerger. Berberina sólo se observó en semillas inmaduras y en plántulas en desarrollo con los cotiledones desplegados. Estos resultados se discuten en función del posible papel defensivo de la sanguinarina durante la germinación.

THE CHEMICAL PROTECTION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS: METHODS AND TECHNICAL MEANS

The article studies the main methods and technical means of protecting agricultural crops using agricultural techniques. We described the main methods and technical means of chemical protection. We reviewed some recommendations for spraying. In addition, we made a short comparison between full-volume sprayers and ultralow-volume sprayers.

Ecology, management and damage by the large pine weevil (Hylobius abietis) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in coniferous forests within Europe

Coniferous forests in Europe have a considerable number of pests that attack trees of all ages from youngest up to oldest ones. One of them is the large pine weevil Hylobius abietis. This species is widespread in Europe and occurs from warm southern areas (Spain) up to northern countries (Sweden, Finland). Larvae of this species do not cause damage, they help in the decomposition process of stumps and roots. Adults are harmful as they consume bark of young coniferous seedlings, above all of spruce and pine. One adult can consume on average 75 mm2 of bark per day. Individuals can live up to 4 years, and during their lives they can damage and kill several tens of coniferous seedlings. Traditional chemical protection of seedlings against this pest is and will gradually be more and more restricted or forbidden. In this review, we describe this method as well as all other alternative methods including biological protection. We estimate that H. abietis causes annual damages in Europe of almost 120 million € and damages several tens of thousands of hectares of young forest stands.

Influence of agrometeorological component of the project environment on the duration of works in chemical protection projects of agricultural crops

The analysis of the state of science and practice of making managerial decisions in agricultural production projects is performed. The expediency of substantiation of the influence of the agrometeorological component of the project environment on the duration of works in the projects of chemical protection of agricultural crops is substantiated. The approach to the definition of fund of works time performance in projects of chemical protection of crops taking into account changing events of an agrometeorological component of the project environment is offered. It is based on the use of statistical data of agrometeorological stations in the regions where these projects are implemented. The peculiarity of this approach is that it provides for the formation of databases and knowledge for planning work in projects of chemical protection of agricultural crops based on the characteristics of a given project environment. To do this, computer simulation is used, which provides a systematic consideration of many variable agrometeorological components of the design environment and their impact on the limitation of the time allocated for work. This improves the quality of the database for forecasting the events of the components of the project environment, as well as gaining knowledge that underlies the acceleration of management decisions in projects of chemical protection of crops. It is established that the duration of agrometeorological determined daily fund of time for work in projects of chemical protection of agricultural crops is variable both during the life cycle of the project and in certain periods of its implementation, which is reflected by the relevant distribution laws. Further research on the planning of chemical protection projects for agricultural crops should be conducted to justify new methods and models of management decisions that will take into account the impact of changing events of the agrometeorological component of the project environment on the time and content of work in these projects.

The Effect of Biopreparations and Biostimulants on the Chemical Composition and Microorganisms Associated with Verticillium Wilt of Horseradish Roots (Armoracia rusticana Gaertn.)

The basic foundation of plant production consists in plant protection treatments, which largely shape the quality of plant raw material intended for the food industry. Due to its long growing season, horseradish requires more treatments than average. Intensive protection based on synthetic pesticides favours the accumulation of their residues in plants and generates serious environmental problems. We have examined the effect of chemical protection and its reduced variant as well as three variants of biological protection, differentiated in terms of preparations used for seedlings treatment (Pythium oligandrum, Bacillus subtilis, and Ecklonia maxima), on the content of dry matter, protein, fat, carbohydrates, and the disease severity index (DSI) of Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. The quantitative and qualitative changes in the microorganism communities associated with this disease were determined. Thirty-four species of fungi and Globisporangium irregulare have been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of Verticillium wilt. The following were found with the highest frequency: Verticillium dahliae (14.37%), G. irregulare (6.87%), Ilyonectria destructans (6.73%), Fusarium acuminatum (6.53%), Rhisoctonia solani (6.75%), Epicoccum nigrum (5.56%), and Alternaria brassicae (5.36%).We found that water deficit promotes the increase of DSI and reduces the number and richness of fungal species isolated from diseased roots. The variant of biological protection with treatment of seedlings of E. maxima extract and with reduced chemical protectionin dry seasons give the best protective effects. Under conditions of optimal water supply, biological protection (P. oligandrum) is more effective than chemical protection. Biological protection increases biodiversity in the population of microorganisms that contribute to blackening of the conductive bundles of horseradish roots. There is a significant negative correlation between the number of isolated microorganisms and the DSI value. Increasing the number of the CFUs is accompanied by a reduction in the symptoms of Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. Biological protection in years with sufficient water supply results in a significant increase in the content of dry matter, protein, and carbohydrates in horseradish roots. Under the influence of protective treatments, the ash content in the roots and its alkalinity decrease.