A prison term prediction model based on fact descriptions by capturing long historical information

The legal judgments are always based on the description of the case, the legal document. However, retrieving and understanding large numbers of relevant legal documents is a time-consuming task for legal workers. The legal judgment prediction (LJP) focus on applying artificial intelligence technology to provide decision support for legal workers. The prison term prediction(PTP) is an important task in LJP which aims to predict the term of penalty utilizing machine learning methods, thus supporting the judgement. Long-Short Term Memory(LSTM) Networks are a special type of Recurrent Neural Networks(RNN) that are capable of handling long term dependencies without being affected by an unstable gradient. Mainstream RNN models such as LSTM and GRU can capture long-distance correlation but training is time-consuming, while traditional CNN can be trained in parallel but pay more attention to local information. Both have shortcomings in case description prediction. This paper proposes a prison term prediction model for legal documents. The model adds causal expansion convolution in general TextCNN to make the model not only limited to the most important keyword segment, but also focus on the text near the key segments and the corresponding logical relationship of this paragraph, thereby improving the predicting effect and the accuracy on the data set. The causal TextCNN in this paper can understand the causal logical relationship in the text, especially the relationship between the legal text and the prison term. Since the model uses all CNN convolutions, compared with traditional sequence models such as GRU and LSTM, it can be trained in parallel to improve the training speed and can handling long term. So causal convolution can make up for the shortcomings of TextCNN and RNN models. In summary, the PTP model based on causality is a good solution to this problem. In addition, the case description is usually longer than traditional natural language sentences and the key information related to the prison term is not limited to local words. Therefore, it is crucial to capture substantially longer memory for LJP domains where a long history is required. In this paper, we propose a Causality CNN-based Prison Term Prediction model based on fact descriptions, in which the Causal TextCNN method is applied to build long effective history sizes (i.e., the ability for the networks to look very far into the past to make a prediction) using a combination of very deep networks (augmented with residual layers) and dilated convolutions. The experimental results on a public data show that the proposed model outperforms several CNN and RNN based baselines.

SUAMI DIPENJARA SEBAGAI ALASAN CERAI GUGAT; PERSPEKTIF FIKIH DAN LEGISLASI NEGERI MUSLIM

This paper aims to compare the provisions of fiqh with the legislation in terms of the husband being imprisoned as the reason for the wife to file for divorce in four Muslim countries. They are Indonesia as a representative of the country with the majority of the population following the Shafi'i school, Morocco representing the Maliki school, Jordan representing the Hanafi school, and Qatar representing the Hanbali school. Using a normative approach and a comparative method, this paper aims to look for aspects of similarities as well as differences from fiqh provisions compared to legislation in the four countries. The results shows that the legislation in the four countries basically takes the opinion of the Maliki and Hanbali schools which allow divorce because the husband is imprisoned. From the four countries, Indonesia has set the longest prison term, which is five years, while Morocco and Jordan are imprisoned for a minimum of three years and Qatar is two years. Indonesia and Jordan seem quite far from leaving the rules in the dominant fiqh school in their country by not following the school's fatwa adopted to prohibit divorce because the husband is imprisoned. Meanwhile, Morocco and Qatar are in accordance with the dominant schools of jurisprudence in their countries, with a few additions to more detailed and operational rules.

Lengthy Prison Term as a Psychological Issue in the Penal System of the Russian Federation

Introduction: the paper analyzes scientific data related to the definition of the phenomenon “lengthy prison term” and demonstrates a relative and conditional nature of this phenomenon. Available scientific research findings in this area suggest that the duration of serving a sentence is an exclusively subjective measure for various criminals. Goal: to identify the impact of the length of prison sentences on convicts in the context of their reformation. Methods: we use general scientific research methods (analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization). The work is based on the results derived from the analysis of relevant foreign and domestic studies. Results: by analyzing the influence of specific features inherent in correctional institutions, we reveal the following inconsistency: custodial sentences and lengthy prison terms contribute to the adaptation of convicts to prison conditions, development of negative changes in their personality, destructive conduct, etc. In addition, prolonged stay in a correctional institution reduces the impact of major means of reformation such as prison regime, educational work, and socially useful work. Conclusions: when determining the length of prison term, it is necessary to proceed not so much from the nature and degree of public danger of the act, but from individual features of the criminal’s personality, their social environment, and the motive for the crime committed. It is necessary to abandon the quantitative approach to determining the mea sure of punishment expressed in the length of the prison term. Key words: lengthy prison term; serving a sentence; correctional institutions; crime; convicts; reformation; punishment; penal system of the Russian Federation; isolation conditions.

Lengthy Prison Term as a Psychological Issue in the Penal System of the Russian Federation

Introduction: the paper analyzes scientific data related to the definition of the phenomenon “lengthy prison term” and demonstrates a relative and conditional nature of this phenomenon. Available scientific research findings in this area suggest that the duration of serving a sentence is an exclusively subjective measure for various criminals. Goal: to identify the impact of the length of prison sentences on convicts in the context of their reformation. Methods: we use general scientific research methods (analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization). The work is based on the results derived from the analysis of relevant foreign and domestic studies. Results: by analyzing the influence of specific features inherent in correctional institutions, we reveal the following inconsistency: custodial sentences and lengthy prison terms contribute to the adaptation of convicts to prison conditions, development of negative changes in their personality, destructive conduct, etc. In addition, prolonged stay in a correctional institution reduces the impact of major means of reformation such as prison regime, educational work, and socially useful work. Conclusions: when determining the length of prison term, it is necessary to proceed not so much from the nature and degree of public danger of the act, but from individual features of the criminal’s personality, their social environment, and the motive for the crime committed. It is necessary to abandon the quantitative approach to determining the measure of punishment expressed in the length of the prison term. Key words: lengthy prison term; serving a sentence; correctional institutions; crime; convicts; reformation; punishment; penal system of the Russian Federation; isolation conditions.

The demographics of Egyptian dissent may be shifting

Significance Although small, the disturbances are significant, occurring in a climate where public opposition often results in a lengthy prison term, or even death. The unrest was bound up with an intensified government campaign to demolish informal housing. It comes as the authorities prepare for lower house elections later this month. Impacts The combined impacts of COVID-19 and state subsidy cuts will squeeze household finances further. The new parliament will continue to serve a mostly rubber-stamp function, with little room for debate, still less opposition sentiment. Victories for pro-government candidates in recent elections for the upper house offer patronage opportunities for loyalists.

Sanksi Pidana terhadap Tindak Pidana Korupsi Dana Hibah

Corruption of subsidy funds is common in the community and is often heard through the media and news in various places. These grants often cause various problems, especially those arising from the Regional Budget (APBD), both during implementation and management or payment. There is a lot of abuse of subsidized funds for personal gain. In accordance with the background description, this research focused on the elaboration of the regulation regarding the criminal act of corruption of grant funds and the description of criminal sanctions against perpetrators who commit criminal acts of corruption of grant funds. This study was designed using a type of normative research, and the data was collected from literature studies and positive laws that apply. In case Number: 32 / Pid.Sus.TPK / 2016 / PN.Dps the defendant with the initials IWB had actually committed corruption in the grant funds according to the law in force, henceforth the Panel of Judges sentenced them to one year imprisonment and paid compensation fifty million rupiah. If he did not pay the fine, it would be replaced with a 1-month prison term and he would have to return the state money worth three hundred and fifty million rupiah. After the analysis was done, it can be concluded that according to the provisions of Article 2 and Article 3 of Law 20 of 2001, the prison sentence may be imposed on the perpetrators of the crime of grant funding.

Becoming Sincere: Why Do Jewish Inmates in Israeli Prisons Embrace Religion?

Why do Jewish inmates in Israeli prisons embrace religion? What initially motivates them to participate in prayers during incarceration and what are their motivations to make a deeper commitment to observe orthodox Judaism while in prison? We conducted 30 qualitative interviews with 29 Jewish–Israeli men who underwent a process of “religious invigoration” or “religious strengthening” during their prison term and chose to continue being observant following release. We examine their motivations to initially participate in the less restrictive prison seminaries as well as their motivations to transfer to religious wards where incarcerated men must commit to a fully religious lifestyle. Building on the scholarship on the motivations and benefits of religious participation and conversion in prison, we suggest that incarcerated Jewish–Israeli men embrace religion for both sincere reasons and for the extrinsic benefits. Those who progress to a second stage of religious observance and transfer to religious wards do so primarily for extrinsic benefits. However, they report many intrinsic benefits of religion that lead them to continue to pursue religion once released. We suggest that men have different motivations at different stages of the path of religious invigoration in prison but that those men who commit to observance gain intrinsic benefits that may give them sincere reasons to continue religion upon reentry.

Prevalence and risk factors for HBV and HCV among incarcerated people who inject drugs in Iran: a cross sectional study

Background This study aimed at determining the prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) among incarcerated people who inject drugs (PWID) in Iran during 2015-16. Methods The required data was obtained from the Iranian national bio-behavioral surveillance surveys (BBSSs), which examined 11988 prisoners who were selected using multi-stage sampling from 55 prisons in 19 provinces during 2015-16. The demographic and behavioral status of these subjects were measured through interviews and HBV and HCV exposure were examined using ELISA test of blood samples. A total of 1387 individuals with a history of drug injection in their lifetime were enrolled into this study. Survey analysis was used to analyze the data. The univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to investigate the relationships between risk factors and outcome. Results The mean age of the incarcerated PWID was 36.83 ± 8.13; of all, 98.46% were male, 50.97% were married, and 96.57% had non-academic education. The prevalence of HCV and HBV was 40.52% and 2.46%, respectively. HCV prevalence was associated with an age≥30 years, being single, non-academic education, prison term>5 years, history of piercing, and extramarital sex in lifetime (P<0.05). Conclusions The prevalence of HCV is alarmingly high. However, prison by facilitating the easy access to infected group can be considered as an opportunity to achieve the goal of eliminating HCV in the country. It is recommended to design interventions while considering the risk factors of prison term, piercing, and extramarital sex.

“Prayers That Preyed”

This chapter was motivated by the manifestations and consequences of patriarchal theology testified through the increase in the number of cases in Zimbabwe involving prophets and church leaders accused of sexually abusing their followers after promising to help them out of their problems. The research focuses on the sexual scandals of the founder and leader of Robert Martin Gumbura (RMG) Independent End Time Message Church, Robert Martin Gumbura, who was sentenced to a 40-year prison term in Zimbabwe for sexually abusing four women from his church. The chapter posits that some churches are no longer safe havens for the weak and defenseless women who fall prey to some unscrupulous church leaders such as Robert Martin Gumbura. By using in-depth interviews and documentary analysis and insights from the historical, sociological, and phenomenological approaches, the study established that Robert Martin Gumbura brainwashed some women congregants and threatened to curse them with prayers that would commit them to the devil if they resisted his nefarious demands.