Water solubility of clary sage essential oil

The article provides data on the degree of solubility of essential oils in water. Essential oils are considered as compounds that are completely insoluble or slightly soluble, or refer to substances with a certain, limited, solubility. The distillation of the essential oil from the raw material is preceded by its dissolution in water and hydrodiffusion in the solution beyond the limits of the essential oil containers. The solubility of essential oils in water, apparently, plays an important role in living plants during their intracellular movement and removal outside the cells. To clarify the concepts, samples of primary and secondary oils obtained in production have been examined. The solubility of clary sage oil at 20○C reaches a significant value (0.094% for primary one, 0.406% for secondary one), but with an increase in temperature up to 40○C it decreases to 17-15%. Further study of the GLC data shows that the change in the percentage is due to an increase in the content of cineole and unidentified components in the oil, which have a relatively high solubility, hardly noticeable in the primary oil and accumulate in the secondary one and in the one isolated from the primary one. In the sample isolated from the water solution of the secondary oil there are 2 unidentified components located between cineole and linalool and apparently having increased solubility. Due to this, the percentage of linalool in the oil isolated from the solution decreases, but the absolute amount of the latter in 100 ml of the solution increases 2,58 times compared to the oil isolated from the primary oil solution.

Stuffed pumpkins: mechanochemical synthesis of host–guest complexes with cucurbit[7]uril

Mechanochemical synthesis represents a new path towards unique types of cucurbit[n]uril/guest inclusion complexes that are not accessible due to limited solubility of the individual components.

A Straightforward Methodology to Overcome Solubility Challenges for N-Terminal Cysteinyl Peptide Segments Used in Native Chemical Ligation

One of the main limitations encountered during the chemical synthesis of proteins through native chemical ligation (NCL) is the limited solubility of some of the peptide segments. The most commonly used solution to overcome this problem is to derivatize the segment with a temporary solubilizing tag. Conveniently, the tag can be introduced on the thioester segment in such a way that it is removed concomitantly with the NCL reaction. We herein describe a generalization of this approach to N-terminal cysteinyl segment counterparts, using a straightforward synthetic approach that can be easily automated from commercially available building blocks, and applied it to a well-known problematic target, SUMO-2 (93 amino acids).

A Straightforward Methodology to Overcome Solubility Challenges for N-Terminal Cysteinyl Peptide Segments Used in Native Chemical Ligation

One of the main limitations encountered during the chemical synthesis of proteins through native chemical ligation (NCL) is the limited solubility of some of the peptide segments. The most commonly used solution to overcome this problem is to derivatize the segment with a temporary solubilizing tag. Conveniently, the tag can be introduced on the thioester segment in such a way that it is removed concomitantly with the NCL reaction. We herein describe a generalization of this approach to N-terminal cysteinyl segment counterparts, using a straightforward synthetic approach that can be easily automated from commercially available building blocks, and applied it to a well-known problematic target, SUMO-2 (93 amino acids).

Encapsulation of Lipid-Soluble Bioactives by Nanoemulsions

Lipid-soluble bioactives are important nutrients in foods. However, their addition in food formulations, is often limited by limited solubility and high tendency for oxidation. Lipid-soluble bioactives, such as vitamins A, E, D and K, carotenoids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and essential oils are generally dispersed in water-based solutions by homogenization. Among the different homogenization technologies available, nanoemulsions are one of the most promising. Accordingly, this review aims to summarize the most recent advances in nanoemulsion technology for the encapsulation of lipid-soluble bioactives. Modern approaches for producing nanoemulsion systems will be discussed. In addition, the challenges on the encapsulation of common food ingredients, including the physical and chemical stability of the nanoemulsion systems, will be also critically examined.

Fluorous phthalocyanines and subphthalocyanines

Incorporating fluorine atoms into a molecule can endow it with various unique properties that enable materials applications. Selective solubility in fluorous solvents is achieved by a high fluorine content and selective partitioning into perfluorinated liquids over organic and aqueous phases provides orthogonal opportunities for chemistry and materials assembly. Although there is a growing number of partially fluorinated molecules, there are insufficient structural design principles to produce diverse fluorous soluble dyes. Herein, we report the synthesis of six fluorous phthalocyanine and subphthalocyanine dyes, and study their properties in the fluorous phase. Phthalocyanines generally display limited solubility and we also observed apparent aggregation in the fluorous phase. However, the nonplanar subphthalocyanines showed greater solubility. Subphthalocyanines also displayed fluorescence in selected solvents, and their emissive properties were investigated. The materials described expand the library of fluorous dyes and provide insights for the design of new molecules with fluorous solubility.