INVESTIGATING LEXICAL BUNDLES IN THE CORPORA OF ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN RESEARCH ARTICLES WITH THE SKETCH ENGINE

The low publication rate of Indonesian researchers in reputable international journals, particularly in arts and humanities,is caused, among others, by difficulties they faced in producing precise expository texts in English, which are differentfrom texts in Indonesian. The present study examines lexical bundles in the corpora of English and Indonesian researcharticles (RA) on literature and linguistics to describe the similarities and differences of conventionalized phraseology inthe scientific genre of English and Indonesian by using corpus software, namely Sketch Engine. The study focuses onthe frequency, structural and functional characteristics of lexical bundles using a mixed-method research design. TheEnglish corpus comprises 1,351,048 words derived from 124 RA, while the Indonesian corpus consists of 637,910 wordscollected from 124 RA. We found that three-word lexical bundles are more prevalent than four-word lexical bundles inboth corpora. Based on the structural forms, prepositional-based bundles are the most frequent form in English RA, whilenoun-based bundles are the most common form in Indonesian RA. There were no participant-oriented bundles foundin the Indonesian RA corpus in terms of functional classification, whereas the English RA corpus involved more variedfunctional categories of lexical bundles. The findings provide an understanding of phraseological combinations in Englishand Indonesian scientific writing, characterizing disciplinary discourse as well as native and non-native English speakers’rhetorical style, and have pedagogical implications for EAP practitioners.

Developing intercultural competence: a model based on introducing a literary analysis in a foreign language classroom

This article is concerned with developing students' intercultural competence through teaching a literary analysis as a part of teaching foreign languages and linguistics in higher education. The objective of the research is to design a model of developing intercultural competence through a literary analysis in a foreign language class. Modeling was applied as the leading method of the research as it regards the process of IC (intercultural competence) development as a task-oriented and organized pedagogical process. The submitted didactic model should develop the IC through knowledge, skills, a system of values, reflection and positive attitude to the culture under study, so it includes such components as objectives, motivation, organization, content, and evaluation; it determines the pedagogical conditions, organization, teaching methods and tools that together provide the targeted result. The formative experiment introduced the model into practice in a foreign-language class at university and showed positive results in developing the students' intercultural competence. The model provides pedagogical support of the process of developing IC as a part of foreign language teaching and can be applied within language, literature and linguistics-related courses.

On Noble and Inherited Virtues: Discussions of the Semitic Race in the Levant and Egypt, 1876–1918

This article examines new notions about race, ethnicity and language current in modern movements of Arabic literary and cultural revival. I argue that the Arab print market before World War I adopted the racial category of the Semite as highly relevant to Arab ethnicity and language, but the philological and literary significations of the term subverted the negative constructions affiliated with the Semitic races in Western race theories. Combining elements from the study of linguistics, religion, and political philosophy, Arabic journals, books, and works of historical fiction, created a Semitic and Arab universe, populated by grand historical figures and mesmerizing literary and cultural artifacts. Such publications advanced the notion that the Arab races belonged to Semitic cultures and civilizations whose achievements should be a source of pride and rejuvenation. These printed products also conveyed the idea that the Arabic language and Arab ethnicity can create ecumenical and pluralistic conversations. Motivated by the desire to find a rational explanation to phenomena they identified with cultural and literary decline, Arab authors also hoped to reconstruct the modes with which their Semitic and Arab ancestors dealt with questions relating to community and civilization. By publishing scientific articles on philology, literature, and linguistics, the print media illustrated that Arabic itself was a language capable of expressing complex scientific concepts and arguments.

Historians of Philosophy in the Situation of Hypertext

This paper turns to contemporary discussions on the methodology in the history of philosophy and their general context of the humanities. A comparative analysis of the epistemological stances of the history of ideas (using the works by A.O. Lovejoy and I. Berlin, as well as H. Bloom’s studies on the Western canon) and conceptual history (from the pioneer in this area G. Teichmüller to R. Koselleck, Q. Skinner and J. Pocock) allows us to identify the peculiarities of both approaches as well as to reveal any points of converging and differences between them. Moreover, the article dwells on the main consequences of their use by the historians of philosophy as independent areas of research, such as cultural anthropology, study of literature, and linguistics. In addition, the paper discusses the canonization of forms of thinking as an efficient way of making a person identify him/her with a certain “imaginary community”, which simultaneously determines the subject’s way of thinking and is supported by him/her. The analysis performed allows us to infer the following: inquiries of historians of philosophy support the elaboration of paradigms and ideological forms of their representation; their methodological success consists in a specific character of their heuristic strategies that enables them to deal with the genuine genealogy of the present, in which contemporaneity finds its foundations. Thus, historians of philosophy are faced with the situation of hypertext as the research area is formed by the methodology of historical-philosophical inquiry. Such a heuristics brings contemporary historians of philosophy together with theorists of structuralism, which had previously dominated the studies of language and social sciences.

ORIENTALISTS AND THEIR STUDY OF THE QUR’AN

The study of orientalists and their thoughts on the eastern world became one of the important studies for Muslim scholars. Especially his thoughts concerning the most substantial things in the eastern world. The eastern world that is synonymous with Islam is very interesting to be studied by Western Scholars. The Qur'an which became the main source of life for Muslims became the most important object studied by orientalists. Generally orientalists opinions of the Qur'an give birth to negative opinions that tend to criticize the authenticity of the Qur'an. Orientalists approache in the study of the Qur'an can be grouped into three parts. The first, Historically-critical, that is, reviewing a narrative by looking at what really happened. These criticisms include forms, editors, and sources. The second. Interpretive interpretation, i.e. interpreting the text using one of three methods; philology, literature, and linguistics. The third, phenomenologists, namely describing the reception of the Qur'an carried out by individuals of a particular group. According to Syamsuddin Arif, there are many ways or techniques used by orientalists to question their authenticity, where the classic issue that is often raised is the influence of Jews, Christians, Zoorosters, and so on Islam and cages in the Qur'an (Theories of borrowing and influence). Some of them are trying to reveal what could be evidence for the loan theory and its influence. Especially from Jewish-Christian literature and traditions (such as Abraham Geiger, Clair Tisdall, and others). There are also those who compare the teachings of the Qur'an with the customs of Jahiliyyah, Roman, and so on.

SOME NOTES ABOUT CLASSIC POETICS

This article deals with Sanskrit poetics based on the chapter onSanskrit grammar in Abu Rayhan Beruni's India, in general. In general, Beruni'swork in the field of literature and linguistics requires special study. The place ofSanskrit literature in the world literary-historical process is also briefly mentioned.The poetic structure of Sanskrit texts is analyzed on the basis of the ancient Turkic"Altun yaruk". Beruni's observations on genres in ancient Sanskrit literature arediscussed.

Początki językoznawstwa polonistycznego na Uniwersytecie Poznańskim

The Origins of Polish Language Studies at Poznań University Linguistic studies on the Polish language and literature were first conducted at the Faculty of Philosophy of Poznań University (established in 1919). Studies on literary theory were pursued in the Department of History of Polish Literature, whereas linguistic studies in the Department of Slavic Philology and Indo-European Linguistics. Initially, these studies were supervised by scholars who came from the Jagiellonian University in Cracow: Mikołaj Rudnicki and Tadeusz Lehr-Spławiński, as well as Stanisław Dobrzycki who was active in two fields, theory of literature and linguistics. It was only in 1922 that the Department of the Polish Language was established thanks to the efforts of Edward Klich, who also came from Cracow. At first, Polish language studies at Poznań University concentrated on two fields: onomastics (with components of etymology), and dialectology. More comprehensive research was conducted since the establishment of the Department of the Polish Language which was joined by a new generation of linguists, including graduates of Poznań University.