A New Method to Identify and Quantify Hydraulic Communication between Isolated Reservoir Systems Using Pressure-Transient Data

A new analytical workflow that uses pressure-transient data to characterize connectivity between two originally non-communicating reservoir zones is presented. With this technique, hydraulic communication is clearly identified and corresponding fluid crossflow rates accurately quantified. It is applicable to a wide range of communication mechanisms, including inactive commingled-completion wells, conductive fractures and faults, in addition to behind-casing completion problems. The impact of interference is also captured by handling an unlimited number of wells and communicating media. The solution uses pressure-transient data effectively to diagnose communication and estimate the amount of transported fluids. The new formulation is a general formulation for handling an unlimited number of producing wells and communicating media, which helps analyze pressure responses under the influence of interference. The reservoir system under consideration is assumed to be two-dimensional with two initially-isolated reservoir zones, intersected by an arbitrary number of wells, part of which are active producers while others can be penetrating wells with commingled completion, in addition to other communicating media. The well test duration is assumed long enough for the pressure-transient data to be affected by fluid communication. To demonstrate the applicability of the new model, a synthetic case study is presented to diagnose a fluid-communication mechanism. The system under consideration consists of two isolated reservoirs and two wells: a single producer completed in the top reservoir in which pressure responses are measured, and an offset well connecting both reservoirs through a fluid communication mechanism. Using the model, type-curves have been utilized to diagnose the hydraulic communication in the offset well. The connectivity of the communication channel in the offset well is also estimated by matching the pressure-transient responses of the model with the measured data. The rate of crossflow between the two reservoirs is also quantified as a function of time. It is observed from the log-log plot that higher connectivity values of the cement sheath causes a steeper merging ramp in the transition region, following a period dominated by the producing reservoir. Although the rate of crossflow depends on the magnitude of the connectivity, it is observed that there is an upper limit controlled by the rock and fluid properties of the individual reservoirs. In addition, the pressure regime at the location of the offset well plays an important role in the rate of crossflow. This study presents a novel analytical approach to detect communication from pressure-transient data, and to quantify the magnitude of crossflow rates between reservoir zones. The formulation captures the influence of interference between wells caused by production. While complementing diagnostic information from other sources to confirm fluid movement from isolated zones, the method also quantifies the connectivity of the communicating media, and the amount of crossflow rates as a continuous function of time.

Identifying a Unique Communication Mechanism of Thermochromic Liquid Crystal Printing Ink

Thermochromic liquid crystal materials are commonly used in printing inks, opening up a wide range of possible applications. In order to ensure and control the most accurate application, the occurrence of the so-called colour play effect, i.e., the appearance of iridescent (rainbow) colours as a function of temperature, must be determined precisely. For this purpose, the temperature-dependent reflection of a sample must be measured using a spectrometer with an integrating sphere. The same values should be obtained for each sample containing the same thermochromic liquid crystalline material, irrespective of the spectrometer used, integrating sphere, layer thickness and the surface properties of the substrate. To describe this intrinsic property of the thermochromic liquid crystal material, the term communication mechanism might be considered. The research has shown how this mechanism is obtained experimentally.

The Practical Dilemma and Method Analysis of the Community Consultation and Communication Mechanism in Rural China in this New Era

Based on the fact that construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era, ways to deal with the practical problems in the rural community governance practice since the new era, especially how to mediate the disputes and contradictions between the rural community subjects in the governance process, seems urgent. This article focuses on the low level of mass participation in the rural community consultation and communication mechanism in the new era, insufficient construction of consultation and communication platforms, unclear content of consultation and communication, and lack of supervision and feedback. In this new era, China’s rural community consultation and communication mechanism has taken a more practical method.

Method to Increase Dependability in a Cloud-Fog-Edge Environment

Robots can be very different, from humanoids to intelligent self-driving cars or just IoT systems that collect and process local sensors’ information. This paper presents a way to increase dependability for information exchange and processing in systems with Cloud-Fog-Edge architectures. In an ideal interconnected world, the recognized and registered robots must be able to communicate with each other if they are close enough, or through the Fog access points without overloading the Cloud. In essence, the presented work addresses the Edge area and how the devices can communicate in a safe and secure environment using cryptographic methods for structured systems. The presented work emphasizes the importance of security in a system’s dependability and offers a communication mechanism for several robots without overburdening the Cloud. This solution is ideal to be used where various monitoring and control aspects demand extra degrees of safety. The extra private keys employed by this procedure further enhance algorithm complexity, limiting the probability that the method may be broken by brute force or systemic attacks.