PENGARUH AHH, IDG, DAN JP TERHADAP IPM DI INDONESIA

This study examined the influence of the Life Expectancy Rate, Gender Empowerment Index, and Population Number on the Human Development Index in Indonesia. This study used panel data with time- series data for 6 years from 2015 to 2020 and cross-section data for 5 provinces in Indonesia obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics. The method of data analysis used was the Random Effect Model using Eviews 10. The results indicated that the life expectancy rate positively and significantly influenced the human development index, the gender empowerment index positively but insignificantly influenced the human development index, and the population negatively and insignificantly influenced the human development index. The researcher hopes that the government can improve the quality of human resources in the fields of health and education so that later the community can compete with other provincesKeywords:Human Development Index, Life Expectancy, Gender Empowerment Index, and Population

The Role of Human Rights and Obligations toward Cross Gender Empowerment under the domain of Islamic Laws

This study enumerates Islamic laws regarding women rights throughout the extent of Quran and Hadith in the principal origins of Islam. It highlights toward gender equity and women rights. Islamic principles consistently accord with nature of man and woman and think about their intrinsic contrasts. Islam has ensured people (both men and women) human rights and obligations associated with them as people in an equivalent degree. What Islam ensures usually not get conveyed into solid actions because of dominant communal and ethnic standards and in context of social and cultural relations. The basic estimations of Islam ostensibly advance and respect the status of women in the public eye. Islam gave freedom to Muslim women by allowing them equivalent rights as similar to their male partners, as demonstrated by the Prophet Mohammad ??? ???? ???? ???? (PHUH) [women are identical parts orsisters in relation to men]. Numerous adamant translations of Islamic messages and practices of a larger number of Muslim societies unfortunately disagree the primary origin of women rights as well as gender equalities. Besides, it is falsly realized that Muslim females particularly are in retrograte position and are also mistreated by religion Islam as compare to non-Muslim women who are observed as liberated, modernized and forward. Thusly, this article focuses to distinguish how religion Islam has provided women their rights, liberty, equality and respect.

Pembuktian Strategi Pengarusutamaan Gender (PuG): Analisis Capaian Indeks Pemberdayaan Gender di Indonesia

This study aims to prove the Gender Mainstreaming strategy which is analyzed from the achievements of the Gender Empowerment Index from 2010 to 2020. To prove the Gender Mainstreaming strategy, the author uses an index measurement approach from the indicators forming the Gender Empowerment Index which is then analyzed descriptively. It was found that the implementation of the Gender Mainstreaming strategy in Indonesia has not been optimal. The average achievement of the gender empowerment index from 2010 to 2020 was 71.39, which is still far from the perfect ratio of 100. Judging from its forming indicators, it was found that the representation of women in parliament from 2010 to 2020 was still below 30 percent, then women as the professional workforce are still growing at 40 percent which has not yet reached the 50 percent equality level, and the contribution of women's income has experienced an increasing trend which reflects that women have been included in the workforce, but the increase has been slow.

Spline Nonparametric Regression to Analyze Factors Affecting Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) in East Java

Gender is a multidimensional issue that's not limited to gender discrimination, but alsoincludes the economic, educational, and health aspects, which then become the focus of almost all the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Evaluation of the development devoted to the perspective of the gender using several indicators, Gender Development Index (GDI) and Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM). GEM describes the role of women in the economic sphere and is measured by equality in political participation. GEM of East Java for 5 consecutive years (2014 – 2018) is lower than the average national GEM. This study aims to identify factors affecting GEM in East Java using nonparametric regression spline quadratic. The result ofthe regression model shows the factors affecting GEM East Java is the Labor Force Participation Rate(LFPR) population of women (), School Participation Rate(SPR) high school population of women (), Percentage of Population Female thatWorking in the formal sector (), sex ratio (), Percentage of Population Female that Working as members of People’s Representative Council (), Percentage of Population Female that working as Civil Servants (), and rate of women's income donations (). The model generates value of 93.74% and MAPE of 3.22%.This research contributes to the implementation of non-parametric spline regression in identifying various factors that influence social phenomena.

Gender, Social Change and Urbanisation in Four North Indian Clusters

Urbanisation in India is reshaping established social and economic patterns of behaviour in ways that scholars are struggling to analyse. This article introduces this special issue presenting new empirical research on the interconnections between gender, social change and urbanisation in India. It does so by relying on a unique dataset drawn from nearly 15,000 households across four consequential urban clusters—Dhanbad, Indore, Patna and Varanasi—in North India. The collection of articles in this issue informs new inquiries into women’s employment, women’s agency and the construction and shaping of social attitudes. Specifically, the articles disentangle the practical barriers to women’s economic empowerment, measure how employment and household dynamics shape women’s agency and explore ways in which status hierarchies and variation in access to information colour women’s social attitudes and political preferences. Collectively, they demonstrate the uneven nature of gender empowerment in the shadow of an urbanising, but highly stratified economy and society.

Does Women’s Approval of Intimate Partner Violence Mediate the Relationship Between Sexism and Violence in Heterosexual Relationships? A Cross-Cultural Comparison Between Sri Lanka and New Zealand.

<p>The Revised Gender Symmetry Theory (Archer, 2018) proposes that western countries with higher levels of gender empowerment of women will experience an equal rate of physical intimate partner violence (IPV) between men and women that is bi-directional and low in intensity. In contrast, non-western countries with lower levels of gender empowerment are proposed to experience high rates of male to female aggression; bi-directional violence or male victimisation from women in such countries will be unlikely. The aim of this study was twofold. First, it aimed to test the validity of the Revised Gender Symmetry Theory using self- reports of IPV perpetration and victimisation from women residing in two countries above (New Zealand) and below (Sri Lanka) the mean global gender empowerment score. Second, considering the strong relationship between positive attitudes towards IPV with both sexism and IPV perpetration, the mediational properties of positive attitudes in explaining the relationship between sexism and IPV perpetration and victimisation in the two countries was examined. Female undergraduate university students from New Zealand (N=199) and Sri Lanka (N=198) completed the Conflict Tactic Scale-2, the Beliefs about Relationship Aggression Scale and the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory. Inconsistent with the Revised Gender Symmetry model, independent t-test analysis found that women in New Zealand and Sri Lanka reported similar rates of IPV perpetration and victimisation, for both minor and severe forms of IPV. In keeping with Sri Lanka having lower levels of gender empowerment of women, Sri Lankan women were more likely to approve of IPV and endorsed higher levels of sexism (benevolent and hostile sexism) when compared to New Zealand women. Lastly, the moderated mediation models found that attitudes condoning female IPV mediated the relationship between benevolent sexism and IPV perpetration by women in Sri Lanka and New Zealand. The need for interventions to challenge women’s attitudes which condone female IPV and reduce societal sexism is discussed along with other implications for clinical practice.</p>

Does Women’s Approval of Intimate Partner Violence Mediate the Relationship Between Sexism and Violence in Heterosexual Relationships? A Cross-Cultural Comparison Between Sri Lanka and New Zealand.

<p>The Revised Gender Symmetry Theory (Archer, 2018) proposes that western countries with higher levels of gender empowerment of women will experience an equal rate of physical intimate partner violence (IPV) between men and women that is bi-directional and low in intensity. In contrast, non-western countries with lower levels of gender empowerment are proposed to experience high rates of male to female aggression; bi-directional violence or male victimisation from women in such countries will be unlikely. The aim of this study was twofold. First, it aimed to test the validity of the Revised Gender Symmetry Theory using self- reports of IPV perpetration and victimisation from women residing in two countries above (New Zealand) and below (Sri Lanka) the mean global gender empowerment score. Second, considering the strong relationship between positive attitudes towards IPV with both sexism and IPV perpetration, the mediational properties of positive attitudes in explaining the relationship between sexism and IPV perpetration and victimisation in the two countries was examined. Female undergraduate university students from New Zealand (N=199) and Sri Lanka (N=198) completed the Conflict Tactic Scale-2, the Beliefs about Relationship Aggression Scale and the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory. Inconsistent with the Revised Gender Symmetry model, independent t-test analysis found that women in New Zealand and Sri Lanka reported similar rates of IPV perpetration and victimisation, for both minor and severe forms of IPV. In keeping with Sri Lanka having lower levels of gender empowerment of women, Sri Lankan women were more likely to approve of IPV and endorsed higher levels of sexism (benevolent and hostile sexism) when compared to New Zealand women. Lastly, the moderated mediation models found that attitudes condoning female IPV mediated the relationship between benevolent sexism and IPV perpetration by women in Sri Lanka and New Zealand. The need for interventions to challenge women’s attitudes which condone female IPV and reduce societal sexism is discussed along with other implications for clinical practice.</p>

Demographic Change and Economic Growth in India

In this paper, we assess the economic benefits of demographic changes in India by employing econometric models and robustness checks based on panel data gathered over a period of more than three decades. Our analysis highlights four key points. First, the contribution of India’s demographic dividend is estimated to be around 1.9 percentage points out of 12% average annual growth rate in per capita income during 1981–2015. Second, India’s demographic window of opportunity began in 2005, significantly improved after 2011, and will continue till 2061. Third, our empirical analysis supports the argument that the realisation of the demographic dividend is conditional on a conducive policy environment with enabling aspects such as quality education, good healthcare, decent employment opportunities, good infrastructure, and gender empowerment. Fourth, the working-age population in India contributes around one-fourth of the inequality in per capita income across states. Thus, to reap the maximum dividends from the available demographic window of opportunity, India needs to work towards enhancing the quality of education and healthcare in addition to providing good infrastructure, gender empowerment, and decent employment opportunities for the growing working-age population.