Improvement of Nutraceutical Value of Parsley Leaves (Petroselinum crispum) upon Field Applications of Beneficial Microorganisms

Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) is an important aromatic herb that has gained importance in food and cosmetic industry, and it is used as medicinal plant due to the presence of compounds with biological activity. Several studies have demonstrated antioxidant, antimicrobial or cancer chemopreventive activity of different parts of parsley plants. We showed that the nutritional value of parsley leaves can be improved by treatments with beneficial microorganisms on the field crop. Streptomyces fulvissimus strain AtB-42 and Trichoderma harzianum strain T22 were applied, as singly or in combination (microbial consortium), at transplanting and two weeks later. After harvesting, plants were subjected to metabolomic analysis by LC and GC-MS. Spectrometric analysis resulted in the identification of seven polar metabolites. Results showed a significant difference in relative abundance of these metabolites among treatments. The AtB-42 application, alone or in combination with T22, induced the accumulation of petroselinic acid, while T22, alone or in combination, induced the accumulation of xanthotoxol/bergaptol and its derivative xanthotoxin/bergapten. The microbial consortium increased the accumulation of capsanthone compared to single treatments. No statistically relevant differences were found for the volatile fraction. It can be concluded that S. fulvissimus and T. harzianum significantly induced metabolic profile change of parsley and the accumulation of metabolites with nutraceutical value.

Chemical components of volatile oil and fatty acids of wild Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B. Fedtsch. and cultivated Cuminum cyminum L. populations

<p>Volatile oil and fatty acids components of six various populations of wild Bunium persicum Boiss. (Bam and Zirkuh/Iran) and cultivated Cuminum cyminum L. (Rayen/Iran; Cukurcak, Taskopru and Asagialicomak/Turkey) species were investigated. The volatile oil content of Bam and Zirkuh populations were 3.9 and 4.7 %, respectively. The analysis of volatile oils by the GC/FID-MSD showed that γ-terpinene (33.62-39.62 %), cuminal (17.9-19.3 %), o-cymene (5.3-11.1 %), benzenemethanol, α-methyl- (7.4-9.5 %), 1-phenyl-1-butanol (6.4-8.4 %) and limonene (6.4-8.6 %) were the major components of B. persicum populations. Rayen, Cukurcak, Taskopru and Asagialicomak populations of C. cyminum had 2.6, 2.2, 2.0 and 2.5 % of volatile oil, respectively. Cuminal (22.8-37.6 %), benzenemethanol, α-methyl- (5.3-22.6 %), γ-terpinene (16.7-19.4 %), β-pinene (11.2-11.9 %) and 1-phenyl-1-butanol (5.4-12.5 %) were identified as the main components of C. cyminum. Fatty acids were detected by the GC/FID. In total, 15 fatty acids were characterised in B. persicum populations from Iran. Petroselinic acid (26.3-52.6 %), lauric acid (16.2-37.0 %) and linoleic acid (18.3-33.0 %) were the predominant fatty acids identified in Iranian populations. C. cyminum populations were rich in the same fatty acids but, the order was: petroselinic acid (47.5-55.5 %), linoleic acid (22.5-25.4 %) and lauric acid (13.4-24.2 %). Monounsaturated fatty acids (27.4-56.2 %) were the major subgroup. Overall, B. persicum populations from Iran and C. cyminum from Turkey were almost similar in fatty acids profile although they had wide diversity in the volatile oils compositional profile.</p>

Metabolomics Analysis of the Development of Sepsis and Potential Biomarkers of Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

Sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (SI-AKI) is a serious condition in critically ill patients. Currently, the diagnosis is based on either elevated serum creatinine levels or oliguria, which partially contribute to delayed recognition of AKI. Metabolomics is a potential approach for identifying small molecule biomarkers of kidney diseases. Here, we studied serum metabolomics alterations in rats with sepsis to identify early biomarkers of sepsis and SI-AKI. A rat model of SI-AKI was established by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Thirty Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into the control (CT) group and groups treated for 2 hours (LPS2) and 6 hours (LPS6) with LPS (10 rats per group). Nontargeted metabolomics screening was performed on the serum samples from the control and SI-AKI groups. Combined multivariate and univariate analysis was used for pairwise comparison of all groups to identify significantly altered serum metabolite levels in early-stage AKI in rats with sepsis. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) showed obvious separation between the CT and LPS2 groups, CT and LPS6 groups, and LPS2 and LPS6 groups. All comparisons of the groups identified a series of differential metabolites according to the threshold defined for potential biomarkers. Intersections and summaries of these differential metabolites were used for pathway enrichment analysis. The results suggested that sepsis can cause an increase in systemic aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, an impairment of the oxygen supply, and uptake and abnormal fatty acid metabolism. Changes in the levels of malic acid, methionine sulfoxide, and petroselinic acid were consistently measured during the progression of sepsis. The development of sepsis was accompanied by the development of AKI, and these metabolic disorders are directly or indirectly related to the development of SI-AKI.

Spices in the Apiaceae Family Represent the Healthiest Fatty Acid Profile: A Systematic Comparison of 34 Widely Used Spices and Herbs

Spices and herbs are well-known for being rich in healthy bioactive metabolites. In recent years, interest in the fatty acid composition of different foods has greatly increased. Thus, the present study was designed to characterize the fatty acid composition of 34 widely used spices and herbs. Utilizing gas chromatography (GC) flame ionization detection (FID) and GC mass spectrometry (MS), we identified and quantified 18 fatty acids. This showed a significant variation among the studied spices and herbs. In general, oleic and linoleic acid dominate in seed spices, whereas palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and α-linolenic acids are the major constituents of herbs. Among the studied spices and herbs, the ratio of n−6/n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was recorded to be in the range of 0.36 (oregano) to 85.99 (cumin), whereas the ratio of PUFAs/saturated fatty acids (SFAs) ranged from 0.17 (nutmeg) to 4.90 (cumin). Cumin, coriander, fennel, and dill seeds represent the healthiest fatty acid profile, based upon fat quality indices such as the ratio of hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic (h/H) fatty acids, the atherogenic index (AI), and the thrombogenic index (TI). All these seed spices belong to the Apiaceae family of plants, which are an exceptionally rich source of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) in the form of petroselinic acid (C18:1n12), with a very small amount of SFAs.

Gamma Rays Induced Oil and Fatty Acid Alteration in Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) Seeds

Aim: To evaluate the effects of radiation on oil and fatty acid content of cumin by irradiating seeds with varied doses of gamma rays viz.,100 Gy, 125 Gy, 150 Gy, 175 Gy. Study Design: Oil and fatty acid content was estimated by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy. Results: The result reveals that oil and fatty acid quantity were significantly changed upon radiation. Oil amount was increased in irradiated seeds whereas fatty acid content was decreased except petroselinic acid and linoleic acid which was increased in comparison to control. In contrast to non irradiated seeds, the lowest dose of gamma found beneficial as oil content and majority of fatty acids were increased. Conclusion: Therefore, irradiation of cumin seeds for protection and preservation purpose could significantly affect the fatty acid content of cumin as seeds are prone to fungal infections.

Separation of Dipetroselin from the Coriander Extracts

This research is about the natural product of coriander, or the Coriandrum species. The bioactive molecules and the health effects of this plant are constantly discussed. This paper is parallel with those publications, investigating the composition of the herb. The results of current study indicates that the Coriandrum seed is a source of fatty acids. From the publications, petroselinic acid or (6Z)-octadecenoic acid, is the major fatty acid in the coriander extracts. Previous articles reported on coriander’s chemical constituents, biological activities of the coriander’s seeds and leaves, as well as the coriander products in the retail. Indeed, coriander has a lot of uses either as a traditional medicine or spices. Different forms of coriander samples were subjected to a simple maceration by using chloroform. From the chromatographic purification of the seed crude extract, its component could include anisaldehyde, as one of the aromatic aldehyde. It is concluded that the lipid-containing fraction of the coriander seed could also consist of dipetroselin, a diglyceride.

Potential Metabolite Markers of Multiple Myeloma

E-mail: [email protected] Background: Metabolism reprogramming is one of ten features in cancer. It is well known that metabolites in tumor microenvironment contribute to the survival and proliferation of cancer cells. Currently, a lack of detailed information about the metabolites profiling in bone marrow microenvironment limits us to understand the roles of metabolites associated with multiple myeloma(MM) and its diagnosis and treatment. Here we report a serum untargeted metabolomics study of MM patients, together with healthy donors(HD), with the aim of discovering metabolite markers associated with MM. Materials and Methods: Gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS)-based metabolomics was used to analyze 140 serum subjects, including 81 bone marrow subjects(22 HD, 59 MM patients) and 59 peripheral blood subjects(27 HD, 32 MM patients). The bone marrow subjects were divided into training set(11 HD, 32 MM patients) and testing set(11 HD, 27 MM patients). SIMCA-14.1 software package was used to visualize the metabolite alterations between MM patient and HD through Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Both the T-test and the receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC) analysis were performed by SPSS software. Metabolites in serum with higher fold change(FC) and variable importance in the projection(VIP) value(VIP > 1.5, P < 0.05 and FC > 1.5, P < 0.05, FDR < 0.05) were considered as biomarker candidates. Results: A total of 117 and 123 metabolites were annotated from the detected spectral features in bone marrow serum subjects derived from training set and testing set, respectively. Based on multivariate statistical analysis(PCA and OPLS-DA) and univariate statistical analysis(T-test), a panel of 6 and 10 metabolites were identified as differential metabolites(VIP > 1.5, P < 0.05 and FC > 1.5, P < 0.05, FDR < 0.05) between MM patients and HD in training set and testing set, respectively, among of which 5 metabolites were found significantly altered in both sets. Creatinine and glycine were significantly elevated in MM patients compared with HD, while fatty acid consists of palmitic acid, petroselinic acid and stearic acida were found decreased in MM patients compared with HD. ROC analysis of these 5 metabolites resulted in an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.922(95% confidence interval=0.748-1) in the training set and 0.923(95% confidence interval=0.853-1) in the testing set. Furthermore, the diagnostic potential of the metabolite signatures was assessed in peripheral blood subjects. Consistent with bone marrow subjects, metabolite signatures were significantly changed(VIP > 1.5, P < 0.05 and FC > 1.5, P < 0.05, FDR < 0.05) in peripheral blood subjects derived from MM patients compared with HD. The AUC of this metabolites signatures was 0.901(95% confidence interval=0.748-1) in peripheral blood subjects, implying that this panel of metabolites could be of potential clinical significance for the diagnosis of MM. Conclusion: We conclude that a panel of 5 metabolites, including creatinine, glycine, palmitic acid, petroselinic acid and stearic acid, in serum has great potential in discriminating MM patient from HD. This metabolite signatures provides a novel and promising molecular diagnostic approach for the detection of MM. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Composition of Some Turkish Apiaceae Seed Oils: New Sources for Petroselinic Acid

The seed oils of twenty-six species of Apiaceae belonging to the genera Bunium, Cnidium, Ferula, Ferulago, Heracleum, Hippomarathrum, Malabaila, Myrrhoides, Olymposciadium, Pimpinella, Prangos, Szovitsia, Trigonasciadium, Trinia and Zosima, collected in Turkey, were investigated for their oil content, and amount of petroselinic acid (PA), as well as for the composition of their fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) by GC-MS. Seed oil content ranged from 7.1% in Szovitsia callicarpa to 29.3% in Ferula haussknechtii. The results showed that the seed oils of the studied species contained high amounts of PA (1.2–72.2%), followed by significant amounts of linoleic (LA, 13.8–50.8%) and oleic (OA, 4.2–61.6%) acids. PA was found in all the analyzed species, except for Olymposciadium caespitosum, which belongs to a monotypic endemic genus of the family. According to data from our study, PA was found to be predominantly in the seed oils of Hippomarathrum cristatum (72.2%), Trinia glauca (64.9%) and Bunium microcarpum (59.7%) and, therefore these species might be considered as new sources of PA, and represent a potential oleochemical raw material. This is the first extensive study of the composition of Turkish Apiaceae species. The high amounts of PA may also have chemotaxonomic significance.