The Method for Evaluating Cross-Shore Migration of Sand Bar under the Influence of Nonlinear Waves Transformation

Sand bar migration on the gently sloping sandy bottom in the coastal zone as a result of nonlinear wave transformation and corresponding sediment transport is discussed. Wave transformation on the intermediate depth causes periodic exchange of energy in space between the first and the second wave harmonics, accompanied by changes in the wave profile asymmetry. This leads to the occurrence of periodical fluctuations in the wave-induced sediment transport. It is shown that the position of the second nonlinear wave harmonic maximum determines location of the divergence point of sediment transport on the inclined bottom profile, where it changes direction from the onshore to the offshore. Such sediment transport pattern leads to formation of an underwater sand bar. A method is proposed to predict the position of the bar on an underwater slope after a storm based on calculation of the position of the maximum amplitude of the second nonlinear harmonic. The method is validated on the base of field measurements and ERA 5 reanalysis wave data.

Epistemological Intersections of Buddhism and Narrative Family Therapy

Researchers conducted a focus group to explore the epistemological intersections between Buddhism and narrative family therapy (NFT). The data's themes indicate areas of overlap as well as potential disconnect regarding NFT's systemic understanding, evolving stories, and empowering epistemologies. These areas of convergence and divergence point to possibilities for the meaningful incorporation of Buddhist teachings and principles within the context of spiritually integrated NFT practice.

Brazil and Turkey in the 21st century: strategic interests in comparative perspective1

This research aims to compare the strategic interests and the positioning at the foreign policy level of Brazil and Turkey in the 21st century, considering the rise to power of, respectively, Workers’ Party (PT, in Portuguese) and Justice and Development’s Party (AKP, in Turkish). Methodologically, it was used bibliographical research and analysis of speeches in the General Debate of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) between 2010 and 2015. It was verified convergence between Brazil and Turkey in themes as the acknowledgment of the multipolarity of the World Order, the necessity of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) reform, the importance of the fortification of the global economic governance by G-20 and the compromise with the International Law, with the terrorism combat and with the Humans Right protections. As divergence point, it was verified the debates about the sort of reform to be implemented at the UNSC and some questions involving the Arab Spring, such as the military intervention at Libya in 2011. At last, some themes are more recurrent at one country’s foreign policy than another’s; as topics regarding Central Asia and Middle East, at Turkey’s case, and subjects regarding BRICS and south-american regional integration, at Brazil’s case.

The Morbid Equation of Quantum Numbers

The quantum model of valence electron generation orbital penetration of alkali metal elements with unique stable structure is investigated. The electric field outside the atomic kernel is usually expressed by the Coulomb field of the point charge mode, and the composite electric field in atomic kernel can be equivalent to the electric field inside the sphere with uniform charge distribution or other electric fields without divergence point. The exact solutions of two Schrödinger equations for the bound state of the Coulomb field outside the atom and the binding state of the equivalent field inside the atom determine two different quantization energy formulas respectively. Here we show that the atomic kernel surface is the only common zero potential surface that can be selected. When the orbital penetration occurs, the law of conservation of energy requires that the two energy level formulas must have corresponding quantum numbers to make them equal. As a result, there is no solution to the quantum number equation, indicating that the two quantum states of the valence electron are incompatible. This irreconcilable contradiction shows that the quantized energy of quantum mechanics cannot absolutely satisfy the law of conservation of energy.

Divergence point analyses of visual world data: applications to bilingual research

Much work has shown that differences in the timecourse of language processing are central to comparing native (L1) and non-native (L2) speakers. However, estimating the onset of experimental effects in timecourse data presents several statistical problems including multiple comparisons and autocorrelation. We compare several approaches to tackling these problems and illustrate them using an L1-L2 visual world eye-tracking dataset. We then present a bootstrapping procedure that allows not only estimation of an effect onset, but also of a temporal confidence interval around this divergence point. We describe how divergence points can be used to demonstrate timecourse differences between speaker groups or between experimental manipulations, two important issues in evaluating L2 processing accounts. We discuss possible extensions of the bootstrapping procedure, including determining divergence points for individual speakers and correlating them with individual factors like L2 exposure and proficiency. Data and an analysis tutorial are available at https://osf.io/exbmk/.

Mechanism of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression and Novel Biomarkers: A Metabolomic Analysis of Experimental Glomerulonephritis

While a complex network of cellular and molecular events is known to be involved in the pathophysiological mechanism of chronic kidney disease (CKD), the divergence point between reversal and progression and the event that triggers CKD progression are still unknown. To understand the different mechanisms between reversible and irreversible kidney disease and to search for urinary biomarkers that can predict prognosis, a metabolomic analysis was applied to compare acute and chronic experimental glomerulonephritis (GN) models. Four metabolites, namely, epoxyoctadecenoic acid (EpOME), epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (EpETE), α-linolenic acid (ALA), and hydroxyretinoic acid, were identified as predictive markers after comparing the chronic nephritis model with acute nephritis and control groups (false discovery rate adjusted p-value (q-value) < 0.05). Renal mRNA expression of cytochrome P450 and epoxide hydrolase was also identified as being involved in the production of epoxide metabolites from these polyunsaturated fatty acids (p < 0.05). These results suggested that the progression of chronic kidney disease is associated with abnormally activated epoxide hydrolase, leading to an increase in EpOME and EpETE as pro-inflammatory eicosanoids.

Divergence point analyses of visual world data: applications to bilingual research

**This paper is now available open access in Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. Please see the Peer-reviewed publication DOI below.** Much work has shown that differences in the timecourse of language processing are central to comparing native (L1) and non-native (L2) speakers. However, estimating the onset of experimental effects in timecourse data presents several statistical problems including multiple comparisons and autocorrelation. We compare several approaches to tackling these problems and illustrate them using an L1-L2 visual world eye-tracking dataset. We then present a bootstrapping procedure that allows not only estimation of an effect onset, but also of a temporal confidence interval around this divergence point. We describe how divergence points can be used to demonstrate timecourse differences between speaker groups or between experimental manipulations, two important issues in evaluating L2 processing accounts. We discuss possible extensions of the bootstrapping procedure, including determining divergence points for individual speakers and correlating them with individual factors like L2 exposure and proficiency. Data and an analysis tutorial are available at https://osf.io/exbmk/.

Human Cytomegalovirus Enters the Primary CD34+Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells Where It Establishes Latency by Macropinocytosis

ABSTRACTViral entry is targeted by immunological and pharmacological measures to inhibit viral infection. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) entry into cells where it initiates productive infection has been well studied, but its entry into cell types where it establishes latency has not. Therefore, we examined the entry of HCMV into CD34+hematopoietic progenitor cells where the virus establishes latency. We determined that HCMV enters into the primary CD34+hematopoietic progenitor cells in which it establishes latency by macropinocytosis. The capsid-associated tegument protein pp150 is released from maturing endosomes and migrates to the nucleus, whereas other tegument proteins, including pp71, remain endosome associated in the cytoplasm. The inhibition of macropinocytosis impairs entry, thereby diminishing latency-associated transcription and reducing viral reactivation. We conclude that HCMV virions enter CD34+cells by macropinocytosis but fail to fully uncoat or disassemble their tegument layers, leading to the establishment of latency.IMPORTANCEVirion entry is targeted by antivirals and natural immunity to prevent infection. Natural preexisting immunity is ineffective at clearing an HCMV infection, and an incomplete understanding of the viral glycoproteins and cellular receptors that mediate entry has hampered inhibitor development. Nevertheless, HCMV entry remains a viable drug target. Our characterization here of HCMV entry into primary CD34+hematopoietic progenitor cells through macropinocytosis and our comparison to viral entry into fibroblast cells highlight virion uncoating and tegument disassembly as a divergence point between productive and latent infections. Further definition of tegument disassembly may permit the development of interventions to inhibit this process to block productive infection or to trigger it in incompletely differentiated cells to prevent the seeding of the latent reservoirs that make HCMV infections incurable.