Sugar and Democracy in Fiji: the Material Foundations of Post-Colonial Authoritarianism 1970-2005

<p>Fiji became independent in 1970, and functioned for 17 years under a constitution with democratic elements, including elections. Three times since 1987, however, armed force has overthrown constitutionally elected governments. Some observers see this as a failure of the consolidation of Fijian democracy, while others acknowledge the facade of Fijian democracy. Among those who acknowledge Fiji's authoritarian institutions, conflict persists as to whether authoritarianism is the inevitable product of ethnic conflict in Fijian society, or a consequence of post-colonial institutional legacies. No movement toward democracy in Fiji is likely to succeed until we understand the material foundations underlying Fiji's authoritarian politics. This thesis argues that Fiji' authoritarian political institutions, established under colonial rule, have been sustained since independence by forces in the international economy. These forces have helped to maintain the economic, social and political dominance of a Pacific-Fijian chiefly elite over Fijian society. Specially, chiefly control of the sugar industry, Fiji's principal export, has provided chiefs with sufficient patronage resources to retain their control over Fijian society through electoral politics or, at the event of undesirable electoral outcomes, through armed opposition. Through post-colonial structures, the chiefs control the land-tenure system, and through their setting and receipt of land rents, they have been the principal beneficiaries of Fiji's sugar exports. This comparatively inefficient industry, and the social and political institutions that it rests on, have survived because Fiji, as party to the European Union's Sugar Protocol, has received two-and-a-half to three times the world market price for its sugar exports between 1975 and 2009. This thesis makes its case through close textual analysis of Fiji's three constitutions, detailed inspection of Fiji's land-tenure system, and, specifically, the accounts of the Native Land Trust Board, as well as examination of the secondary literature on Fiji's sugar industry.</p>

Sugar and Democracy in Fiji: the Material Foundations of Post-Colonial Authoritarianism 1970-2005

<p>Fiji became independent in 1970, and functioned for 17 years under a constitution with democratic elements, including elections. Three times since 1987, however, armed force has overthrown constitutionally elected governments. Some observers see this as a failure of the consolidation of Fijian democracy, while others acknowledge the facade of Fijian democracy. Among those who acknowledge Fiji's authoritarian institutions, conflict persists as to whether authoritarianism is the inevitable product of ethnic conflict in Fijian society, or a consequence of post-colonial institutional legacies. No movement toward democracy in Fiji is likely to succeed until we understand the material foundations underlying Fiji's authoritarian politics. This thesis argues that Fiji' authoritarian political institutions, established under colonial rule, have been sustained since independence by forces in the international economy. These forces have helped to maintain the economic, social and political dominance of a Pacific-Fijian chiefly elite over Fijian society. Specially, chiefly control of the sugar industry, Fiji's principal export, has provided chiefs with sufficient patronage resources to retain their control over Fijian society through electoral politics or, at the event of undesirable electoral outcomes, through armed opposition. Through post-colonial structures, the chiefs control the land-tenure system, and through their setting and receipt of land rents, they have been the principal beneficiaries of Fiji's sugar exports. This comparatively inefficient industry, and the social and political institutions that it rests on, have survived because Fiji, as party to the European Union's Sugar Protocol, has received two-and-a-half to three times the world market price for its sugar exports between 1975 and 2009. This thesis makes its case through close textual analysis of Fiji's three constitutions, detailed inspection of Fiji's land-tenure system, and, specifically, the accounts of the Native Land Trust Board, as well as examination of the secondary literature on Fiji's sugar industry.</p>

Previsão da exportação brasileira de açúcar avaliada por meio de gráficos de controle de resíduos

Sugar production and exportation are important factors for the Brazilian economy, because Brazil produces the largest amount of sugar and accounts for almost half of the world´s sugar exports. This research aimed to monitor the sugar export from January 2000 to April 2019, by means of residual control charts with pretreatment of autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models. The data used in the study were collected from the Portal Única website. We opted for the application of ARIMA modeling because the data was not stationarity and presented autocorrelated values. The best model to predict the Brazilian sugar exports was SARIMA (1,1,1)(1,0,1)6 due to the seasonal behavior of the series, which may be related to the sugarcane planting and harvesting period. It was possible to observe the presence of upper-limit outliers in the residual control chart, in October 2012 and February 2016, which characterize a sugar exports higher than forecasted exports.

CONCEPTUAL ASPECTS OF THE ECONOMY OF THE ECONOMY OF THE SUGAR BEET SUBCOMPLEX OF THE RUSSIAN AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY WITH AN ORIENTATION ON FOREIGN MARKETS

This article analyzes the systemic prerequisites and elaborates recommendations for expanding the export of sugar from the sugar beet subcomplex of the Russian agro-industrial complex in accordance with the key activities of the federal project "Export of agro-industrial complex products" Recommendations include a rationale for the relevance of the export strategy; preconditions for reform implementation; the concept of an export-oriented strategy for the development of the sugar economy in Russia; principles, possible mechanisms and key priorities, as well as qualitative and quantitative benchmarks that determine the success of the strategy to expand sugar exports.

Trade Impacts of EU-ESA EPA Transitional Period On Malawi Sugar Exports

The renunciation of the Sugar Protocol between European Union (EU) and African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries in 2007 initiated a gradual reform process that will culminate into a reciprocal Duty Free Quota Free non-preferential access for all sugar producers in 2017. This paper analyzes how the reforms implemented this far have affected Malawi sugar exports. Since expansion of regional trade is seen as one of the adaptation measures for affected sugar industries. The study also analyzed the effect of regional integration areas. The results show that the EU sugar price reforms and elimination of country specific quotas had a positive influence of exports. Malawi being a low cost producer, it was not affected by falling prices and benefited to expanded access granted by a group safeguard. However, the production quotas for EU producers and high tariffs nonpreferred producers meant that Malawi was still shielded from competition that will prevail when the EU market is fully liberalized.