Institutional Constraints on the Rate of Derivatives in Leveraged Exchange-Traded Fund

This study confirmed whether the rate of derivatives in leveraged exchange-traded funds (ETF) calculated by derivatives and net asset value (NAV) affect their tracking errors. This research established three findings. First, when the rate of derivatives was limited at 100%, the tracking error of the leveraged ETF targeted on 2 times of the index was affected by the rate of derivatives. Second, when the rate of derivatives was eased to 200%, the same-day tracking error of the leveraged ETF targeted on 2 times of the futures index that launched after the constraints was affected by the rate of derivatives. Third, this study analyzed the constraints of the rate of derivatives after determining whether the leveraged ETF targeted on 2 times of the index indicates whether the rate of derivatives is close to 200%. As a result, even when the rate of derivatives is slightly over the 200% limit, the tracking error was lower. Even when the constraints were slightly over the limit, the tracking error was shown to be significantly lower than the other data set. This result implies that when there is an institutional constraint on the rate of derivatives, there can be limitations to fund management of leveraged ETF targeted on 2 times of the futures index.

Trading Strategies of a Leveraged ETF in a Continuous Double Auction Market Using an Agent-Based Simulation

A leveraged ETF is a fund aimed at achieving a rate of return several times greater than that of the underlying asset such as Nikkei 225 futures. Recently, it has been suggested that rebalancing trades of a leveraged ETF may destabilize the financial markets. An empirical study using an agent-based simulation indicated that a rebalancing trade strategy could affect the price formation of an underlying asset market. However, no leveraged ETF trading method for suppressing the increase in volatility as much as possible has yet been proposed. In this paper, we compare different strategies of trading for a proposed trading model and report the results of our investigation regarding how best to suppress an increase in market volatility. As a result, it was found that as the minimum number of orders in a rebalancing trade increases, the impact on the market price formation decreases.

Does the Lending Rate Impact ETF's Prices?

In this paper we developed an econometric model to empirically test the hard-to-borrow model of Avellaneda and Lipkin (2009) where asset prices jump as result of ``buy-in" procedures. The model is estimated using an extent version of simulated maximum likelihood (SML) for a selected group of Leveraged ETF, mainly short LETFs, because these instruments have been sporadically hard-to-borrow and are liquids. In general we do not find enough statistical evidence supporting that hard-to-borrow effect impacts LETFs prices. On the other hand, we did find statistical evidence supporting the jump-diffusion model for some Leveraged ETFs.

Measuring the Performance of Leveraged and Non‑Leveraged ETF’s

This paper deals with exchange traded funds (ETFs) and valuation it’s performance according to selected indicators. For empirical analysis 10 leveraged and non‑leveraged ETFs listed on US market is chosen according to selected criterias (adequate history at least 7 years, daily presented NAV, accessibility for retail investor). Observed time period was 2010–2015 and selected investment horizon is 1, 3 and 6 years. Funds are analyzed on the basis of NAV in the terms of return and risk represented by selected indicators (like Sharpe ratio, Traynor ratio, Information ratio, Apparaisal ratio and indicators like alfa (Jensen Alfa) and beta. Results are commented in a broader context in summary and discussion chapter as well as recommendations. Measured by classical Sharpe ratio, both groups bring to investor pretty same results, but e.q. by Information ratio by non‑leveraged ETF shows very clearly the importance of work by ETF portfolio manager. Only a few leveraged ETF bring to the investor adequate ratio between profit and level of risk.