Visual development of healthy full-term infants under 24 months of age using the Preverbal Visual Assessment (PreViAs) questionnaire

As visual perception development proceeds rapidly after birth, early detection of developmental maturity is required. Healthy infants do not have many opportunities for visual perception evaluation, so a reliable evaluation method is necessary. This retrospective study included 276 healthy full-term infants less than 24 months of age using the Preverbal Visual Assessment (PreViAs) questionnaire, which measures scores of subdivided age groups for the global scores and four domains: visual attention (VA), visual communication (VC), visual-motor coordination (VMC) and visual processing (VP). Through this study, reference values and cut-off scores of the PreViAs questionnaire were presented, reliability was secured, and potential influencing factors of the PreViAs scores were analyzed. Using Cronbach's α coefficient, the global scores were 0.938, 0.781 for VA, 0.660 for VC, 0.874 for VMC, and 0.942 for VP. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was high in the global scores and three domains (VA, VMC, VP). In infants under 12 months, the global scores and the VA, VMC, and VP domains showed positive association with gestational age, whereas the VC domain positively correlated with sex: which was found to be greater for females (P<0.05). In those 12 month and above, no clinical factors were significantly associated with the PreViAs scores in all domains. The PreViAs questionnaire is a useful tool for visual assessment of healthy full-term infants under 24 months of age, suggesting reference values and cut-off scores according to age, and estimating the maturation age for visual perception development of each domain.