Genome Chaos, Information Creation, and Cancer Emergence: Searching for New Frameworks on the 50th Anniversary of the “War on Cancer”

The year 2021 marks the 50th anniversary of the National Cancer Act, signed by President Nixon, which declared a national “war on cancer.” Powered by enormous financial support, this past half-century has witnessed remarkable progress in understanding the individual molecular mechanisms of cancer, primarily through the characterization of cancer genes and the phenotypes associated with their pathways. Despite millions of publications and the overwhelming volume data generated from the Cancer Genome Project, clinical benefits are still lacking. In fact, the massive, diverse data also unexpectedly challenge the current somatic gene mutation theory of cancer, as well as the initial rationales behind sequencing so many cancer samples. Therefore, what should we do next? Should we continue to sequence more samples and push for further molecular characterizations, or should we take a moment to pause and think about the biological meaning of the data we have, integrating new ideas in cancer biology? On this special anniversary, we implore that it is time for the latter. We review the Genome Architecture Theory, an alternative conceptual framework that departs from gene-based theories. Specifically, we discuss the relationship between genes, genomes, and information-based platforms for future cancer research. This discussion will reinforce some newly proposed concepts that are essential for advancing cancer research, including two-phased cancer evolution (which reconciles evolutionary contributions from karyotypes and genes), stress-induced genome chaos (which creates new system information essential for macroevolution), the evolutionary mechanism of cancer (which unifies diverse molecular mechanisms to create new karyotype coding during evolution), and cellular adaptation and cancer emergence (which explains why cancer exists in the first place). We hope that these ideas will usher in new genomic and evolutionary conceptual frameworks and strategies for the next 50 years of cancer research.

THE EXPRESSION OF NUSANTARAN ARCHITECTURE IN SESAT AGUNG ARCHITECTURE

- As a visual language, architectural expressions can be understood through arrangements of its elements with certain patterns or techniques. According to Rob Krier (1988), the assessment of geometric expressions cannot be separated from the composition of architectural forms, including proportion, rhythm, ornament, shape, material, color and texture. Along the way, Tulang Bawang Barat, which was later abbreviated as Tubaba, became a stopover for migrants from various regions. Regent Umar Ahmad pursued the construction of Tulang Bawang Barat by building a mosque and a convention hall to fill the empty fields in Tulang Bawang Barat. The architectural expression of Balai Adat Sesat Agung – with its modernity – considered as success in reproducing historical and cultural identity of Nusantaran architecture. In identifying the expressions of Nusantaran architecture, the analysis of Sesat Agung architecture is carried out in three areas: site, building, and structure. Through descriptive-analytical methods, this research begins by formulating the properties and compositions of Nusantaran architecture expressions forming through related theories, including Nusantaran architectural theory, concepts of properties and composition, and anatomy of architecture theory. Furthermore, the properties and composition of Sesat Agung are studied to identify the expressions of Nusantaran architecture which manifested in the architecture of the Balai Adat Sesat Agung. This study found that the architectural expression of the Sesat Agung has printed a new architectural identity in Tulang Bawang Regency. However, regardless of the form and the aesthetics it carries, one thing that is missing from Sesat Agung architecture is its spatial quality. Key Words: expression, Nusantaran architecture, Sesat Agung.

CONCEPT OF THE COLLAGE CITY OF COLIN ROWE AND FRED KETTER IN THE CONTEXT OF CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE THEORY

The article examines the collage concept proposed by Colin Rowe and Fred Kett er as an architectural and urban design strategy and presented in the book “Collage City”. The prerequisites of the collage concept are described, the conditions under which Colin Rowe’s scientifi c and creative position was formed, which was developed by his students, are described. The article analyzes the arguments of the authors of the book in defense of the collage theory, which presupposes the search for balance and compromise between the historical and the contemporary city. The importance of the theory of collage in modern architectural and urban planning within the framework of the metamodern paradigm is determined.

Landscape architecture: theory and practice

The textbook discusses the actual problems of creating landscape architecture objects and organizing open spaces in an urbanized environment. Much attention is paid to the peculiarities of the formation of green areas at the stage of master plans for urban development, data are provided on the creation of forest parks and recreation areas in inter-settlement territories, parks of various functional purposes (urban and district, special purpose, etc.) directly in cities and towns. The issues of landscaping and landscaping of residential complexes and industrial institutions, objects of urban public centers, the order and organization of the creation of objects of landscape architecture — design and construction (stages, stages, author's supervision) are covered. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students studying in the field of training "Landscape architecture".

Three Casual Relief Teachers in Australian Primary Schools: Their Experiences and Perspectives Over One School Year

This study investigates the lived experiences of three casual relief teachers (CRTs) and their work within Australian primary schools for a period of one school year. Practice architecture theory was used as a theoretical framework to examine whether participants saw any advantages to working on a casual basis, how they think casual teaching could be improved in terms of access to accreditation support, and whether any growth to their professional practice took place during the course of the year. Monthly diary entries and two semi-structured interviews from each participant revealed some advantages to casual teaching, such as being able to work across different schools. Participants discussed the need for CRTs to complete accreditation in a timely manner and gain access to relevant professional learning. This study provides evidence of the complex and varied backgrounds and motivations of CRTs. Implications for future research in the area are also discussed.

Scale of community centre: Clarification of the relation between scale and multifunctionality of community buildings

Community architecture is becoming a contributing tool for community development. In recent years it has gained popularity for its potential to encourage interaction and strengthen community ties. Community architecture represents not only the final product of architectural design but also the design process. It covers many kinds of community interventions and efforts of different extent; from tiny public space interventions to a complex design of community centres or comprehensive urbanistic structures focused on community well-being. Irrespective of the scale, their goal is the same; to provide space for leisure activities, networking, and reinforcing a sense of community. The most apparent design concept representing community architecture is the community centre, which provides space for meetings and interaction, and its program derives from the needs of a specific community. Furthermore, the design considers urbanistic relationships, architectural appearance, materials, spatial and functional requirements, interior design, equipment, and furniture solutions. The community architecture theory is an under-explored phenomenon in Slovakia. Thus, there is a lack of methodical design recommendations or guidelines for designing community centres as individual typological forms. The article focuses on the examination of 100 selected community facilities, identifying their prevalent features and their interrelationships. Presented research aims to examine fundamental characteristics of community centres, particularly their multifunctionality related to the character of the space, and the scale related to size in square meters. In conclusion, research suggests new size categories considering the relationship between the two factors.

The government success in revitalizing Old City Semarang

The historic city will suffer damage eventually if left without any preservation action. One of the conservation measures is revitalization. Indonesia has several historic city heritages that have undergone revitalization and spread in big cities. Semarang Old City, Central Java is one of the historic areas that experienced significant changes after revitalization. The Semarang Old City revitalization has been able to revive an area that was once almost abandoned so that it is now a bustling area of visitors. Significant changes in Semarang Old City are an indication of successful revitalization. The problem found is how the government can successfully revitalize the old city of Semarang so that it becomes a tourist destination. This study aims to determine in the architecture theory what key strategies are carried out in the revitalization of the Old City of Semarang. This research uses the descriptive qualitative method with data obtained from observations. The result shows how the revitalization was carried out by the government, such as 1). Repairing old historic buildings to have economic value and attract visitors; 2). Arranging and repairing infrastructures, facilities, and utilities; 3). Add some facilities to support the tourism function.