Reaction of spring soft wheat to drought in the forest-steppe of the Trans-Urals

The purpose of the research is the reaction of spring soft wheat varieties to dry phenomena during the growing season in the forest-steppe zone of the Trans-Urals. Methods. The material was 24 varieties of various biotypes for maturation from the nursery of the competitive variety testing of the Kurgan Research Institute of Agricultural Sciences. Results. The negative effect of the drought reduced the yield in the experiments by 11.9 c/ha, the weight of 1000 grains by 5.7 g, and the nature by 19.7 g/l. The influence of grain size on the yield both in favorable years and in years of drought was noted (r = 0.63…0.98). In arid conditions, vitreous is correlated with yield, 1000 grain weight, in kind, to a lesser extent with gluten content, bread volume, and “flour strength”. The lack of moisture during the grain filling period increased the gluten content by 3.4 %, the quality by 15.1 e. p. IDC, the flour strength by 102.7 e. a., the volume of bread by 106 g/l. In favorable years, the weight of 1000 grains and the vitreous content of the grain correlate with gluten (r = 0.44; r = 0.24–0.84). Indicators of productivity and physical properties of grain increase when sowing at the optimal time, with a certain decrease in the gluten content (by 1.2 %), flour strength (by 5.3 e. a.), bread volume (by 73.2 e. p.). In the early sowing period, moisture deficiency reduces the indicators for all varieties Under these conditions, early-maturing varieties form a larger grain both when sowing at an early time (29.0 g) and when sowing at the optimal (31.3 g). In a drought, the role of the variety is especially high. High drought resistance was shown by the Zauralochka variety of the Kurgan Research Institute of Agriculture, which successfully passed the test in the dry years (2012, 2020) in the GSI system and in the environmental test (KASIB). The yield of the drought-resistant variety Zauralochka on average for the HSU was 20.2 c/ha, exceeding the standard Hercules by 2.2 c/ha. Scientific novelty. The features of the influence of dry phenomena on the yield and the main indicators of the quality of varieties are revealed, the correlation between them is determined. According to drought resistance, a variety of spring soft wheat Zauralochka was selected.

Assessment of adaptability of spring soft wheat varieties in forest-steppe conditions of the Middle Volga region

The purpose of the research is to evaluate the adaptability parameters of zoned and promising varieties of spring soft wheat and to identify samples that combine high grain yield and adaptive properties for forest-steppe conditions of the Middle Volga region. The work was carried out in 2017–2020 in the central zone of the Samara region. Methods. The object of research was 12 varieties of competitive testing related to different stages of breeding. Observations and records were carried out according to the Methodology of the state variety testing of agricultural crops, assessment of the adaptability of varieties according to the methods of A. A. Goncharenko and L. A. Zhivotkov. Weather conditions in 2017–2020 were diverse and varied from the average annual values. Results. The average crop yield varied from 2.10 t/ha (2019) to 3.72 t/ha (2017), the coefficient of variation Cv = 23.8 %. Varieties with a high average grain yield (3.15–3.26 t/ha) and a smaller variation (19.9–22.5 %) were identified – Eritrospermum 6310/10-63, Lutestsens 6102/1-32, Eritrospermum 6517/24-1. The varieties Eritrospermum 6310/10-63 (–1.39), Eritrospermum 6381 (–1.50), and Kinel’skaya 59 (–1.50) had the greatest resistance to stress. Varieties Lutestsens 6045, Kinel’skaya yubileynaya, Lutestsens 6102/1-32 – differed in specific adaptation and formed the highest average grain yield (3.16–3.20 t/ha) under contrasting conditions. The average coefficient of adaptability of varieties ranged from 0.85 to 1.08. The majority of varieties (58.3 %) had a high coefficient of adaptability (greater than 1), the highest values (1.08) were the promising varieties Lutescens 6102/1-32 and Erythrospermum 6310/10-63. Scientific novelty. A new adaptive material of spring soft wheat has been isolated for use in breeding programs of the forest-steppe zone of the Middle Volga region.

INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN NUTRITION CONDITIONS AND PHYTHORMONES ON CHANGE OF FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF VEGETATIVE ORGANS OF SPRING WHEAT TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.

The paper shows the effect of nitrogen nutrition, exogenous auxin, and rhizosphere auxin-synthesizing microorganisms on the variability of the composition of fatty acids (FA) in the vegetative organs of spring wheat. The object of the study was seedlings of spring soft wheat Triticum aestivum L. The determination of FAs was carried out by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Analysis of FAs showed that in the control variants (without auxin), nitrogen nutrition conditions did not affect the localization of polyunsaturated FAs in vegetative organs; the maximum content of triene FAs was observed in leaves of 48.30% (N-deficient variant) and 44.8% (NO-3-variant ) and the absence of these FAs in the roots. It was found that in the presence of nitrates, the proportion of unsaturated FAs in the leaves and roots of wheat decreases. The use of exogenous auxin (5–50 μg/ml) in the early stages of ontogenesis leads to an increase in the amount of saturated (palmitic and stearic) acids and a decrease in unsaturated acids in vegetative organs, regardless of the conditions of nitrogen nutrition. During the introduction of spring wheat seedlings by auxin-synthesizing microorganisms, it was noted that nitrogen-fixing bacteria affect the leaves of plants most effectively, the content of saturated FAs increases by 72%, and only 16% increases in these FAs in the leaves of nitrate-reducing microorganisms.

WHEAT ANDROCLINIC CALLI: DATA OF SCANNING ELECTRONIC MICROSCOPY

The processes of formation different types of calli, as well as the morphogenesis pathways in morphogenic calli, were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) during anther culture in vitro in hybrid line Fotos of spring soft wheat. The microspore haploid origin of calli has been proven. The morphological status of the obtained calli was determined. It was shown that morphogenic callus consists of small densely packed meristematic cells covered with extracellular substance. This type of calli was obtained using a variant of the Potato II induction culture medium, added by 1.0 mg/l synthetic auxin 2,4-D. Nonmorphogenic callus consists of large, elongated, loosely located cells with a smooth surface. This type of calli was obtained using a variant of the Potato II culture medium, added by 2.0 mg/l 2,4-D. It was found that the introduction of various IAA concentrations into the Blaydes nutrient medium for regeneration in morphogenic calli implements the following pathways of morphogenesis in vitro: embryoidogenesis (without IAA addition), gemmorhizogenesis (0.5 mg/l), and rhizogenesis (1.5 mg/l). Revealed degenerative changes in cells of nonmorphogenic calli. The fundamental possibility of regulating of the morphogenesis pathways of in vitro of morphogenic calli in the direction necessary for research in biotechnological research has been confirmed.

Using insensitive PPD-D1a allele for the early forms selection of bread wheat in the initial selection stages

Determination the photoperiod-insensitive allele (Ppd-D1a) in wheat cultivars is necessary for use in breeding development of newly wheat cultivars. The aim of our study was to select breeding material by screening Ppd-D1 gene alleles and estimation value and the degree of heterosis in F1. Using these two methods, it is possible to select genetic material for increased breeding of new wheat lines that combine earliness and increased productivity. In this study 26 varieties of spring soft wheat were screened for the Ppd-D1 gene alleles. The Ppd-D1a allele was detected in 12 wheat varieties (ITMI 10, 29, 47, 57, 58, 59, 60, 89, 94, AFI-91, AFI-177, Opata 85), the recessive Ppd-D1b allele was detected in 14 wheat varieties (ITMI 7, 31, 32, 44, 80, 88, 83, 115, Zlata, Lisa, Agata, Lubava, W7984). Based on the results of a comprehensive assessment, parental pairs were chosen and 10 recombinants were obtained. Based on estimation value and the degree of heterosis of the main ear traits in F1, such as "ear length", "number of grains from the ear" and "weight of grains from the ear" were identified 4 crosses as initial to create wheat cultivars that combine earliness and increased productivity.

Development forecast of root rot and perspective material of spring soft wheat breeding of FARC of the North-East

The aim of the study is to predict the level of damage to the root system of spring soft wheat by fusarium infection in the conditions of the Kirov region and to identify promising disease-resistant lines. Methods. The object of research was 146 lines of spring soft wheat of the FARC of the North-East selection, which were sown annually against an infections background of fusarium root rot. Results. As a result of many years of research (2004-2006 u 2009˗2020) it was found that a high level of infection of plants of spring soft wheat by root rot was observed in years with an average daily air temperature in the first decade of July in the range from 15 to 23 °C and precipitation in the first decade of august of 30 or more millimeters. A rectilinear regression equation was obtained that reflects the quantitative variability of the disease development indicator from the total year of the weather index. A retrospective analysis of the expected (according to the forecast) and actual development of fusarium root rot on spring wheat showed a fairly high level of coincidence of the date obtained (67 %). Among the promising spring soft wheat lines of the FARC of the North-East selection, 3 (E-310, U-163 and T-79) with resistance to root rot were identified. Combining high resistance to the fusarium root rot and the yield of significantly higher than the standards, the breeding line E-310 can be recommended for transfer to variety testing. The selected highly and moderately resistant lines can be used in further breeding as sources of resistance to the disease. The decrease in grain weight from 1 m2 in susceptible lines compared to resistant ones was on average 83.4 g. The degree of development of the disease in plants affected the yield and weight of grain to a greater extent (d = 15.3 and 11.0 % respectively). In midseason lines the damage and development of root rot was 77.5 and 82.9 % respectively, determined by the duration of the “stands – heading” period. In early maturing lines showed a positive significant correlation between the duration of the “stands – heading” period and the development of root rot (r = +0.66).

Evaluation of the spring soft wheat collection in the conditions of the central region of the non-chernozem zone of Russia

The results of a study of 12 varieties of spring soft wheat in the conditions of Central region of the Nonchernozem zone of Russia in 2019-2020 are presented in order to isolate the most valuable source material in terms of yield and grain quality. A comprehensive assessment of economically useful traits was carried out - yield, resistance to fungal diseases and lodging, protein and gluten content, an assessment of baking qualities was carried out. Also, all varieties of the spring soft wheat collection were evaluated by the index method, and an index evaluation was carried out. It was found that the Ekada 66 variety (613.4 g / m2) is significantly more productive in comparison with the standard Zlata variety (449.9 g / m2). The varieties Hercules, KVS Akvilon, Ekada 109, Tyumenskaya 25, Chernozemno-Uralskaya 2 and Sudarynya also showed high yields, which are at the standard level. It was revealed that the varieties Hercules, KVS Akvilon, Ekada 109 and Ekada 66 were characterized by complex resistance to lodging and the main fungal diseases against a natural infectious background. It was found that the varieties Heracles, Kinelskaya Otrada, KVS Akvilon, Ekada 113 and Tyumenskaya 25 have the highest values of the complex indices, therefore, these varieties are recommended to be used in further breeding for high yield and grain quality.