Solving classification problems for ordered alternatives on the example of application in ophthalmology

The aim of this study is to develop a solution to classification problems for ordered alternatives in the field of ophthalmology by the example of determining the stages of development of primary open-angle glaucoma. Materials and methods: the development of the method was carried out based on a detailed medical history of patients who were under observation at the Center for Laser Vision Restoration “Optimed”, Ufa. The database represents 793 unique patients. The main criterion for inclusion in the analysis was the diagnosis of “Primary open-angle glaucoma” (POAG) (H40.1) with the appropriate stage of the disease. The model was trained by the method of ordered regressions, in which the principle of reverse selection was used:__ all variables were included in the regression equation, and then statistically insignificant variables were excluded in the reverse order. The selection of the best model was made based on the minimum values of the information criteria Akaike, Schwartz. When analyzing the accuracy of the prediction, the conjugacy matrix was analyzed and the accuracy metric for each class was calculated. The overall accuracy metric of the classifier was defined as the weighted average of the volumes of each class represented in the test sample. Also, based on the ophthalmologists’ opinion, errors for each class were weighted by 0.9. Results: significantly associated with the stage of primary open-angle glaucoma disease were identified. The model best predicts the second stage of glaucoma. This can be justified by the size of the sample, since more than 40 percent of the sample included patients who were diagnosed with second-degree glaucoma. The overall weighted accuracy of the glaucoma stage classifier is 0.602. Conclusion: the developed solution allows you to speed up and improve the procedure for determining the stage of glaucoma but requires further improvement.

Re-evaluation of neurobehavioural toxicity of clothianidin using statistical methods for ordered alternatives assuming dose-response effect

Neurobehavioural toxicity of clothianidin in previous studies was re-evaluated using statistical methods for ordered alternatives assuming a dose-response effect. In a maternal exposure study, clothianidin was added into the diet to provide levels of 0% (control), 0.002%, 0.006% and 0.018% during the gestation and lactation periods in mice. In exploratory behaviour of male offspring in the F1 generation, average speed increased significantly in a dose-related manner in the Jonckheere test. Total distance lengthened in the high-dose group and average speed increased in the high-dose group in the Shirley–Williams test. In a two-generation toxicity study, clothianidin was added in the diet to provide levels of 0% (control), 0.003%, 0.006% and 0.012% from 5 weeks of age of the F0 generation to 11 weeks of age of the F1 generation in mice. The exploratory behaviour of adult males in the F0 generation, the average time of movement, and the number of rearing and rearing time increased significantly in a dose-related manner in the Jonckheere test. The average speed increased in the middle- and high-dose groups, number of rearing increased in the high-dose group and rearing time lengthened in middle- and high-dose groups in the Shirley–Williams test. These results suggest that the use of the appropriate statistical methods adjusted to the objectives of the study and the characteristics of the data could provide more definite conclusions.

Detecting the Boundaries of Disposition Bias on Moral Judgments of Media Characters’ Behaviors using Social Judgment Theory

eople continuously morally judge the behaviors of media characters. This informs people’s dispositions toward characters. Their dispositions bias their subsequent moral judgments of behavior. Affective disposition theory (ADT) contends that limits to disposition bias exist, but empirical evidence is absent. Three experiments tested the utility of using the ordered alternatives procedure (OAP) from social judgment theory to observe character disposition bias boundaries. Studies 1 and 2 explored and refined methods for detecting the bounds of disposition biases on moral judgments. Study 3 observed the boundaries using preregistered hypotheses, analyses, and sampling. Findings reveal the pragmatic nature of disposition bias, indicating a dependency on the magnitude of moral violation. This outcome interacted with role (average person vs. hero-based roles), schema (pure heroes vs. morally ambiguous characters), and exemplification (prototypes vs. exemplars). Findings corroborate ADT, Raney’s extension of ADT, and Sanders’ character impression formation model, and demonstrate the OAP’s utility for broader communication research.