Investigation on Pollution Control Device (PCD) In Foundry Industry to Reduce Environmental Chemicals

Right from the olden days, many products have been made according to foundry practices in order to generate prosperity in the societies in which they operate, while reaping these types of benefits through the operation of foundries. It is alarming that the emissions released by foundries affect human health. Therefore, foundries installed Pollution Control devices (PCDs), in accordance with this development; researchers examined the effectiveness of these PCDs in controlling emissions from foundries in different parts of the world. The emission control obtained by installing these PCDs is explained in this article based on the data gathered from the survey. The result of the study indicated that the cartridge filter built into the induction furnace achieves the best efficiency in controlling contamination from foundries. Interestingly, the operation of the cartridge filter has yet to be documented. Therefore, the construction, operation, the performance of the cartridge filter, and its efficiency in achieving contamination control in foundries are described. The article ends by emphasizing the need to conduct surveys in foundries in which a cartridge filter is installed. The results of this study will provide useful information on the use of cartridge filters in induction furnaces to reduce foundry emissions.

Removing heavy metals from effluents with natural and modified clay-containing sorbents

Представлены результаты исследований сорбции ионов тяжелых металлов глиносодержащими сорбентами из сточных вод гальванического производства. Цель испытаний, проведенных на пилотной установке, – разработка технологической схемы для доочистки сточных вод от ионов тяжелых металлов и извлечения отработанного сорбента с применением намывного патронного фильтра со слоем перлита. В испытаниях использовались: термически модифицированный сорбент на основе природных материалов – модифицированная глина, а также смесевый сорбент, состоящий из монтмориллонита, торфа и доломита в соотношении 5:4:1 без термической обработки. Исследования проводились по восьми ионам тяжелых металлов в диапазоне низких концентраций, характерных для сточных вод, поступающих на доочистку после отстаивания с корректировкой рН. Основные технологические параметры доочистки: pH8; продолжительность контакта сорбента с обрабатываемыми водами 90 мин, доза сорбентов 1–1,6 г/л. Отделение отработанного сорбента от очищенной воды было предусмотрено в две ступени – отстаиванием и фильтрованием на патронном намывном фильтре. Введение коагулянта «Аква-АуратÔ-30» дозой 40 мг/л по Al2O3 позволило снизить концентрацию взвешенных веществ в осветленных сточных водах, подаваемых на намывные фильтры, до 8 мг/л для модифицированной глины и 15 мг/л для смесевого сорбента. Удельная производительность намывного слоя составила 23 м3/(ч×м2), расчетная удельная нагрузка по взвеси на поверхность фильтра составила для модифицированной глины 850 г/м2, для смесевого сорбента – 680 г/м2. Расчетная продолжительность фазы фильтрования намывного слоя при использовании предварительного реагентного отстаивания составила 4,6 и 2 ч для модифицированной глины и смесевого сорбента соответственно. Обеспечена эффективность очистки сточных вод от ионов тяжелых металлов на уровне ПДК для водных объектов рыбохозяйственного значения. The results of studies of the sorption of heavy metal ions by clay-containing sorbents from plating effluents are presented. The purpose of the tests carried out in a pilot plant was developing a process scheme for the removal of heavy metal ions from effluents and extraction of the spent sorbent in a precoat cartridge filter with a layer of perlite. The materials used in the tests were as follows: thermally modified sorbent based on natural material, i. e., modified clay, as well as mixed sorbent consisting of montmorillonite, peat and dolomite in a ratio of 5:4:1 without heat treatment. The studies were carried out on eight ions of heavy metals in the low concentration range typical for the effluent coming for tertiary treatment after sedimentation with pH adjustment. The main process parameters of tertiary treatment were: pH 8; the duration of the sorbent contact with the effluent was 90 min, the dose of sorbents was 1–1.6 g/l. The separation of the spent sorbent from the effluent was executed in two stages – sedimentation and filtration in a precoat cartridge filter. The addition of Aqua-AuratTM-30 coagulant with a dose of 40 mg/l as Al2O3provided for reducing the concentration of suspended solids in the clarified effluent supplied to the precoat filters to 8 mg/l for modified clay and 15 mg/l for the mixed sorbent. The specific productivity of the alluvial layer was 23 m3/(h‧m2), the specific load of the suspension on the filter surface was 850 g/m2for modified clay, and 680 g/m2 for mixed sorbent. The estimated duration of the filtration phase of the alluvial layer while using preliminary chemical sedimentation was 4.6 and 2 h for the modified clay and mixed sorbent, respectively. The efficiency of removing heavy metal ions from effluents was provided at the level of the maximum permissible concentration for fishery water bodies.

Evaluating Treatment Requirements for Recycled Water to Manage Well Clogging during Aquifer Storage and Recovery: A Case Study in the Werribee Formation, Australia

Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is the intentional recharge of water to suitable aquifers for subsequent beneficial use or to achieve environmental benefits. Well injection techniques for MAR, such as Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR), rely on implementing appropriate design and defining the operational parameters to minimise well clogging and maintain sustainable rates of recharge over the long term. The purpose of this study was to develop water quality targets and pre-treatment requirements for recycled water to allow sustained recharge and recovery in a medium-coarse siliceous aquifer. The recharge water is a blend of 40% Class A recycled water and 60% reverse osmosis (RO)-treated Class A recycled water. Four source waters for MAR were evaluated: (1) this blend with no further treatment, and this blend with additional treatment using: (2) a 20 µm sediment cartridge filter, (3) a 5 µm sediment cartridge filter, or (4) a 5 µm granular activated carbon (GAC) cartridge filter. All four treatment options were also further disinfected with chlorine. The four blended and treated recycled waters were used in laboratory columns packed with aquifer material under saturated conditions at constant temperature (20.7 °C) with light excluded for up to 42 days. Substantial differences in the changes in hydraulic conductivity of the columns were observed for the different treatments within 14 days of the experiment, despite low turbidity (<2 NTU) of the blend waters. After 14 days, the GAC-treated water had a 7% decline in hydraulic conductivity, which was very different from the other three blend waters, which had declines of 39–52%. Based on these results and consistent with previous studies, a target biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) level of <0.2 mg/L was recommended to ensure a biologically stable source of water to reduce clogging during recharge.

Innovative Rough Beer Conditioning Process Free from Diatomaceous Earth and Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone

In large-sized breweries, rough beer clarification is still carried out using Kieselguhr filters notwithstanding their environmental and safety implications. The main aim of this work was to test an innovative rough beer clarification and stabilization process involving enzymatic treating with Brewers Clarex®, centrifuging, rough filtering across 1.4-μm ceramic hollow-fiber membrane at 30 °C, and fine filtering through 0.45-μm cartridge filter. When feeding an enzymatically-pretreated and centrifuged rough beer with permanent haze (HP) of 2 or 14 European Brewery Convention unit (EBC-U), its primary clarification under periodic CO2 backflushing yielded a permeate with turbidity of 1.0–1.5 EBC-U at a high permeation flux (2.173 ± 51 or 593 ± 100 L m−2 h−1), much greater than that typical of powder filters. The final beer was brilliant (HP = 0.57 ± 0.08 EBC-U) with almost the same colloidal stability of the industrial control and an overall log reduction value (~5.0 for the selected beer spoilage bacterium or 7.6 for the brewing yeast) in line with the microbial effectiveness of current sterilizing membranes. It was perceived as significantly different in flavor and body from the industrial control at a probability level of 10% by a triangle sensory test, as more likely related to the several lab-scale beer-racking steps used than to the novel process itself.

P PENGGUNAAN BATOK KELAPA SEBAGAI MEDIA ALTERNATIF DALAM PENGGANTIAN CARTRIDGE FILTRATION PADA PROSES PEMISAHAN OIL CONTENT DARI AIR FORMASI

Air injeksi adalah air formasi yang ikut terproduksi bersama minyak dan gas dan selanjutnya dikembalikan ke dalam sumur yang berfungsi untuk mengatur tekanan formasi suatu sumur. Untuk itu kualitas air injeksi harus selalu diperhatikan. Sebelum dilakukan injeksi, air formasi biasanya dilakukan treatment terlebih dahulu dalam bentuk penyaringan. Air formasi yang telah melewati wash tank tidak sepenuhnya terbebas dari crude oil, untuk itu diperlukan filtrasi terlebih dahulu sebelum melakukan injeksi. Umumnya, arang dan karbon aktif jenis lainnya biasa digunakan sebagai cartridge filter untuk pemisahan air terproduksi dari crude oil. Namun penggunaan kedua bahan tersebut kurang efisien karena memerlukan waktu yang lama serta biaya yang relative mahal. Penelitian dengan menggunakan batok kelapa ini diharapkan menjadi alternatif penggunaan cartridge filtration air formasi sebagai pengganti arang dan karbon aktif lainnya. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menyiapkan limbah batok kelapa dengan ukuran sampel berupa sampel 1 (Halus dengan mess 40), sampel 2 (Sedang dengan mess 30), sampel 3 (Kasar dengan mess 20), sampel 4 (Halus-Sedang), sampel 5 (Halus-Kasar) dan Sampel 6 (Sedang-Kasar). Kemudian dilakukan uji filtrasi menggunakan air terproduksi yang masih mengandung oil content. Selanjutnya dilakukan analisis terhadap sampel air formasi sebelum dan setelah dilakukan filtrasi dengan menggunakan media filtrasi air formasi dengan cartridge filter dari batok kelapa dengan masing-masing ukuran. Sampel dianalisis dengan menggunakan parameter kecepatan laju alir, sedimen dan oil content, dan kapasitas penyerapan. Hasil penelitian ditentukan berdasarkan scorring terhadap masing-masing sampel, dan yang diambil adalah sampel dengan score yang paling tinggi. Berdasarkan scorring didapatkan score berdasarkan urutan sampel sebagai berikut: sampel 1 score 14, sampel 2 score 11, sampel 3 score 14, sampel 4 score 15, sampel 5 score 15 dan sampel 6 score 16. Sehingga score terbaik ada pada sampel 6 dengan komposisi sampel sedang-kasar.