Formulation and Quality Evaluation of Foxtail Millet and Semolina Incorporated Ready-To-Cook Upma Mix

Traditional cuisine has risen to the top of the consumer’s list of preferences. Many traditional cereal-based dishes have been processed, and instant mixes such as instant upma, idli, and dosa have been made. Comfort foods are foods that require little or no processing or cooking before consumption, making them more convenient for the user. Ready to Cook (RTC) and instant foods have grown highly popular as a result of increased urbanization and industrialization, owing to today’s lifestyle and the need for quick-to-serve cuisine.The study’s goal is to develop an RTC upma mix and evaluate its physicochemical, texture, sensory, and in vitro glycemic index. The millet was collected and pre-processing was done to develop the ready-to-cook mixes. The levels of millet incorporation ratio were 60% (V1), 70% (V2), and 80% (V3) levels. Standard procedures were used to determine the physicochemical, textural, sensory, and in vitro glycemic index. The nutritional composition of V3 was found to be high, with moisture, carbohydrate, protein, fat, fibre, soluble fibre, and insoluble fibre content of 6.4 percent, 73.6g, 8.5g, 6.2g, 6.6g, 2.4g, and 0.56g, respectively.The textural profile showed a significant difference (p<0.05) between variations in comparison with the standard. Results on sensory evaluation showed that 70% foxtail millet upma mix shows high acceptable than other. The mean in vitro glycemic index of the control upma mix was 68.7 ± 0.12, while the mean estimated glycemic index value of V1, V2, and V3 was50.5 ± 0.5, 49.8 ± 0.4, and 49.2± 0.6 respectively. Thus, the result evident that all the developed RTC upma mixes exhibited a low glycemic index and were useful for Diabetic subjects and easy to carry as a journey food.

Rice with Multilayer Aleurone: A Larger Sink for Multiple Micronutrients

Diet-related noncommunicable diseases impose a heavy burden on human health worldwide. Rice is a good target for diet-related disease prevention strategies because it is widely consumed. Liu et al. (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 115(44):11327–11332, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1806304115) demonstrated that increasing the number of cell layers and thickness of putative aleurone in ta2-1 (thick aleurone 2-1) mutant rice enhances simultaneously the content of multiple micronutrients. However, the increases of aleurone-associated nutrients were not proportional to the increases in the aleurone thickness. In this study, first, cytohistological analyses and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that the multilayer in ta2-1 exhibited aleurone cell structural features. Second, we detected an increase in insoluble fibre and insoluble bound-phenolic compounds, a shift in aleurone-specific neutral non-starch polysaccharide profile, enhancement of phytate and minerals such as iron, zinc, potassium, magnesium, sulphur, and manganese, enrichment of triacylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine but slight reduction in free fatty acid, and an increase in oleic fatty acid composition. These findings support our hypothesis that the expanded aleurone-like layers in ta2-1 maintained some of the distinctive aleurone features and composition. We provide perspectives to achieve even greater filling of this expanded micronutrient sink to provide a means for multiple micronutrient enhancements in rice.

Dietary Fibre Intake and the 10-Year Incidence of Tinnitus in Older Adults

Tinnitus is the phantom perception of sound in the ears or head that increases in prevalence as age increases. With strong evidence supporting the benefits of dietary fibre for vascular health and hearing loss, intake of dietary fibre may also have a role in the prevention of tinnitus symptoms. This longitudinal study aims to determine the association between the intake of dietary fibre and other carbohydrate nutrition variables including glycaemic index (GI), glycaemic load (GL) and total carbohydrate intakes, and incident tinnitus over 10 years. Of the 1730 participants (aged ≥50 years) from the Blue Mountains Hearing Study with complete baseline data on tinnitus symptoms and carbohydrate intakes, 536 (31%) cases of tinnitus were identified and excluded from further incidence analysis. Dietary data were collected using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire to determine intakes of total dietary fibre and fibre contributions from cereals, vegetables, and fruit. A purpose-built database based on Australian GI values was used to calculate mean GI. Lower versus higher intakes of fruit fibre (≤3.6 g/day vs. >3.6 g/day) and cereal fibre (≤4.2 g/day vs. >4.2 g/day) were significantly associated with a 65% (HR = 1.65; 95% CI: 1.15–2.36) and 54% (HR = 1.54; 95% CI: 1.07–2.22) increased risk of developing tinnitus over 10 years, respectively. Associations between intake of other carbohydrate nutrients and incident tinnitus were mostly non-significant. In summary, our study showed modest associations between intake of dietary fibre and incident tinnitus. The protective effects of fibre, particularly insoluble fibre, could underlie observed associations by reducing the risk of tinnitus via vascular risk factors such as cardiovascular disease. Further longitudinal studies evaluating different types and sources of fibre and tinnitus risk are needed to confirm our study findings.

Evaluation of Physico-Chemical, Nutritional, Mineral, Functional and Phytochemical Analysis in Functional and Nutraceutical Marked Cereals

The present research was done to analyse the physico-chemical, Nutritional, Mineral, functional and phytochemical analysis in Functional cereals; oats, pearl millet, sorghum and finger millet. The protein content of the analyzed cereals varied from 7.45% to 14.69% with oats having higher concentration of protein content. The higher fibre content in oats accounted for its highest WAC while as the lowest fibre content in sorghum (2.35%) masked its WAC despite containing the highest carbohydrate content. Neutral detergent fiber that gives the measurement insoluble fibre was found highest in sorghum (11.29%) and lowest in pearl millet (5.56%). Total sugars comprising of reducing and non reducing sugars were found highest in pearl millet (2.88%) followed by sorghum (2.14%) and the least content was found in finger millet (1.69%). Oats were found to possess highest content of phosphorus (381.02mg/100g) and finger millet the lowest (8.21mg/100g). Resistant starch that is inaccessible to enzymes was found highest in oats (2.69g/100g) and lowest in sorghum (1.74g/100g).

Effect of Feeding Insoluble Fibre On The Microbiome And Metabolites of The Caecum And Faeces of Rabbits Recovering From Epizootic Rabbit Enteropathy Relative To Non-Infected Animals

Background:This study aimed to investigate the effect of feeding insoluble fibre on the microbiome and metabolites of the caecum and faeces of rabbits recovering from epizootic rabbit enteropathy relative to non-infected animals.Methods:Animals which had either recovered from epizootic rabbit enteropathy, or ones which had never had epizootic rabbit enteropathy were fed on a diet of 32% or 36% neutral detergent fibre until they were 70 days of age. At this point short chain fatty acid and ammonia levels were measured in caecotroph and faecal samples and compared using 2x2 ANOVA. The microbial composition of the samples was also analysed using next generation sequencing and compared by PERMANOVA.Results:Caecotrophic samples from previously affected animals on lower fibre diets had higher short chain fatty acid content and higher species diversity index values for some indices (P<0.05), although faecal samples showed lower species diversity levels (P<0.05). In addition, PERMANOVA analyses demonstrated that differences were detected in the microbial composition of both faecal and caecotrophic samples depending on the disease status at the outset of the experiment (P<0.05).Conclusions:The results of this work show that although there is some potential in the use of high fibre diets for treatment of animals which have had epizootic rabbit enteropathy, they are not able to produce the same digestive tract properties as those seen in animals which have never had the condition. This is true even after animals have recovered from epizootic rabbit enteropathy.

Dose-dependent effects of insoluble fibre on glucose metabolism: a stratified post hoc analysis of the Optimal Fibre Trial (OptiFiT)

Aims As the first long-term RCT on insoluble cereal fibre, the optimal fibre trial demonstrated glycometabolic benefits, confirming cohort studies. The combined study intervention of lifestyle recommendations and supplementation with insoluble oat hulls fibre allows to clarify, which amount of fibre is required for a beneficial effect. Methods One hundred and eighty participants with impaired glucose tolerance underwent the one-year PREDIAS lifestyle programme and received a blinded, randomized fibre or placebo supplement for two years. We conducted a regression analyses and cut-off-based tertile comparisons in subjects with full data on dietary compliance (food records and accounted supplement; n = 120) after one year, investigating effects on fasting blood parameters, oral glucose tolerance test and anthropometry. Results We found a nonlinear inverse relation between fibre intake and change in postprandial 2-h glucose levels, showing a metabolic benefit beyond 14 g and a plateau beyond 25 g of total insoluble fibre per day. 2-h glucose levels improved significantly stronger in both upper tertiles (−0.9 [−1.6;−0.2] mmol/l, p = 0.047, and −0.6 [−1.6;0.3] mmol/l, p = 0.010) compared to the lowest tertile (0.1 [−1.2;1.1] mmol/l), also when adjusted for changes in bodyweight. Subjects with the highest fibre intake showed superior effects on fasting and postprandial insulin resistance, hepatic insulin clearance, leucocyte count and fatty liver index. Conclusions Extending the knowledge on the benefits of insoluble oat hulls fibre, our post hoc analysis demonstrates a dose effect for glycaemia and associated metabolic markers. Further research is needed in order to replicate our findings in larger trials.

Extraction and characterisation of arabinoxylan from brewers spent grain and investigation of microbiome modulation potential

Purpose Brewers’ spent grain (BSG) represents the largest by-product of the brewing industry. Its utilisation as an animal feed has become less practical today; however, its high fibre and protein content make it a promising untapped resource for human nutrition. BSG contains mainly insoluble fibre. This fibre, along with protein, is trapped with the complex lignocellulosic cell structure and must be solubilised to release components which may be beneficial to health through modulation of the gut microbiota. Methods In this study, the application of a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process for the extraction and solubilisation of arabinoxylan from BSG is demonstrated. Results Processing of the BSG was varied to modulate the physicochemical and molecular characteristic of the released arabinoxylan. The maximum level of arabinoxylan solubilisation achieved was approximately 21%, compared to the unprocessed BSG which contained no soluble arabinoxylan (AX). Concentration of the solubilised material produced a sample containing 99% soluble AX. Samples were investigated for their microbiome modulating capacity in in-vitro faecal fermentation trials. Many samples promoted increased Lactobacillus levels (approx. twofold). One sample that contained the highest level of soluble AX was shown to be bifidogenic, increasing the levels of this genus approx. 3.5-fold as well as acetate (p = 0.018) and propionate (p < 0.001) production. Conclusion The findings indicate that AX extracted from BSG has prebiotic potential. The demonstration that BSG is a source of functional fibre is a promising step towards the application of this brewing side-stream as a functional food ingredient for human nutrition.

Is it true aleurone in the thick aleurone rice mutant?

Background Diet-related non communicable diseases (NCDs) impose a heavy burden on human health worldwide. Rice is a good target for diet-related disease prevention strategies because it is widely consumed. Liu et al. demonstrated that increasing the number of cell layers and thickness of putative aleurone in ta2-1 (thick aleurone 2-1) mutant rice enhances simultaneously the content of multiple micronutrients. However, the increases of aleurone-associated nutrients were not proportional to the increases in the aleurone thickness. Results In this study, first, cytohistological analyses and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that the multilayer in ta2-1 exhibited aleurone cell structural features. Second, we detected an increase in insoluble fibre and insoluble bound-phenolic compounds, a shift in aleurone-specific NNSP (neutral non-starch polysaccharide) profile, enhancement of phytate and minerals such as iron, zinc, potassium, magnesium, sulphur, and manganese, enrichment of triacylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine but slight reduction in free fatty acid, and an increase in oleic fatty acid composition. Conclusion These findings support our hypothesis that the expanded aleurone-like layers in ta2-1 maintained the distinctive aleurone features and composition associated with true aleurone. We provide perspectives to achieve even greater filling of this expanded micronutrient sink to alleviate the burden of NCDs.

Effect of sequentially fed high protein, hydrolysed protein, and high fibre diets on the faecal microbiota of healthy dogs: a cross-over study

BackgroundDietary content and environmental factors can shape the gut microbiota, and consequently, the way the gut microbiota metabolises fats, carbohydrates and proteins, affecting overall health of the host. We evaluated the impact of 3 diets (all meat, high insoluble fibre dry extruded diet and hydrolysed protein dry extruded diet) on the gut microbiota of healthy dogs in a cross-over sequential study. ResultsWe showed that diet can have a large effect on the gut microbiome in dogs, regardless of the order of feeding. High-protein (all meat) diets were characterised by an increase in bacteria belonging to the Fusobacteria and Bacteroidetes phyla, whereas a high-insoluble fibre commercial diet correlated with increases in Firmicutes and Actinobacteria phyla. However, the individual dog’s baseline microbiota had the most impact on the magnitude and nature of the changes in response to dietary intervention. Conclusion Our results suggest that the dog faecal microbiome is driven by protein and fibre composition, and targeted modification of these patterns could be useful in the modulation of the gut microbiota in different diseases.

REPLACEMENT OF TIFTON 85 HAY WITH MANIÇOBA HAY IN THE SPINELESS CACTUS DIET OF SHEEP1 2

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing Tifton 85 hay with maniçoba hay in diets based on spineless cactus on the nutrient intake and digestibility, ingestive behaviour and ruminal parameters of confined sheep. In order to do this, eight male sheep with ruminal cannulae were used, distributed across four levels (0, 333, 666 and 1.000 g kg-1 of dry matter) of replacement of Tifton 85 hay with maniçoba hay in a double Latin square experimental design. The animals were confined for 60 days divided into four periods of 15 days. The replacement of Tifton 85 hay with maniçoba hay did not influence the dry matter intake or digestibility. However, it influenced in a positive linear fashion the intake of non-fibrous carbohydrates and in a linear negative fashion the digestibility of insoluble fibre in neutral detergent and crude protein. The ruminal ammonia-nitrogen and the crude protein ruminal content decreased linearly with the replacement of Tifton 85 hay with maniçoba hay. There was no effect of hay replacement on the production of volatile fatty acids or the microbial biofilm. The total replacement Tifton 85 by maniçoba hay in spineless cactus diets for sheep did not influence total digestible nutrient intake, volatile fatty acid production or biofilm, but did affect crude protein digestibility, ammonia-nitrogen and crude protein content in the rumen. Therefore, maniçoba hay can replace 300 g kg-1 grass hay in spineless cactus diets for sheep without compromising intake and ruminal parameters.