Traducción y adaptación transcultural del cuestionario para niños “Barriers and facilitators of sports in children with physical disabilities (BaFSCH)” para su uso al español en Chile (Transcultural translation and adaptation of the questionnaire for chi

El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una adecuación transcultural del cuestionario “Barriers and facilitators of sports in children with physical disabilities” al idioma español hablado en Chile. Para el proceso de traducción y adaptación transcultural se siguieron los pasos de traducción directa, síntesis de traducciones, traducción inversa, consolidación de comité de expertos y pre-test. En cuanto a los resultados se realizaron los pasos según la metodología desarrollando las adaptaciones necesarias que se consideraron desde la opinión de los expertos y traductores que participaron de la adaptación del escrito. Participaron 93 sujetos con un promedio de edad de 13,95 años ± 4,84 donde hubo 42 niñas (45,16%) y 51 niños (54,84%). La mayoría de las y los participantes asisten a educación básica (62,36%), con condiciones no definidas (34,40%) seguido de quienes tiene dificultades para movilizarse (12,90%) y quienes no comprenden bien las indicaciones (12,90%). Se considera que este cuestionario puede ser una herramienta adecuada para conocer la percepción de los participantes lo que puede finalmente impactar en diversas acciones y políticas que permitan la participación efectiva en actividad física y deporte bajo un enfoque de derecho social. Abstract. The objective of this study was to carry out a cross-cultural adaptation of the questionnaire “Barriers and facilitators of sports in children with physical disabilities” into the Spanish language spoken in Chile. For the translation and cross-cultural adaptation process, the steps of direct translation, translation synthesis, reverse translation, consolidation of the expert committee and pre-test were followed. Regarding the results, the steps were carried out according to the methodology developing the necessary adaptations that were considered from the opinion of the experts and translators who participated in the adaptation of the writing. 93 subjects participated with an average age of 13,95 ± 4,84 years, where there were 42 girls (45,16%) and 51 boys (54,84%). Most of the participants attend basic education (62,36%), with undefined conditions (34,40%) followed by those who have difficulties to move around (12,90%) and those who do not understand the indications well (12,90%). It is considered that this questionnaire can be an adequate tool to know the perception of the participants, which can ultimately impact on various actions and policies that allow effective participation in physical activity and sport under a social law approach.

Sobornost and Totality in Georges Gurvitch's Social Law Doctrine

Georges Gurvitch (1894-1965), from the 1920s to the end of his life, was solving the problem of combining unity and plurality in the justification of society. He believed that individualism and collectivism represented social processes in a limited way because they were based on the preconception that the binding power of law derives respectively from a private or corporate actor's will. Gurvitch contrasted individual law with the social one, which was intended to overcome the opposition between individualism and collectivism. Social law bases on legal sociology's assumption that social interactions as such are already legal relations. This conclusion allows Gurvitch to consider any social interaction as a source of law and to assert legal pluralism as a way of constructing society. The integrity of the latter is a condition for the mutual correlation of the multiplicity of legal regulations generated by internal social interactions into the unified structure of social law. In a holistic approach to comprehending social interactions, Gurvitch, in his Russian-language works in the migr period, uses the philosophical-legal interpretation of sobornost to describe society's integrity. In French- and English-language works from the 1930s, Gurvitch uses the term "totality," which he learned from Marcel Mauss, to describe social integrity. This article compares sobornost and totality as variants of denoting social integrity in Gurvitch's social law doctrine. The researcher determines that Gurvitch, using the concepts of sobornost and totality, interpreted society's development differently, 1) as anti-hierarchical sobornost equality, and 2) as a hierarchical inordination of totalities. Having analyzed the peculiarities of the interpretation of sobornost and totality in Gurvitch's works, the author concludes that these concepts should be considered multilingual equivalents in denoting communal unity as sources of law, which reflect changes in the interpretation of society in Gurvitch's social law doctrine.

Collective redress in labour and social law disputes: An (attractive) option for the EU?

Collective redress has a lot of appeal as an enforcement tool, but historically it has been seen as somewhat unfitting for the European legal landscape. Despite this, many EU national legal systems have introduced collective redress mechanisms. The area of EU labour and social law, however, has been slow to catch up with this trend. This article discusses whether collective redress in labour and social law disputes could be an attractive option for the EU. Relying on an analysis of the legal opportunity structure it proposes some ideas on how to advance. All in all, collective redress is no panacea but could potentially complement and improve the EU enforcement toolbox, particularly in areas where there is evidence of persistent enforcement gaps.

Hate Speech During the Caliphate of ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib and Its Relevance to Regulations in Indonesia: The Study of the Islamic Law History

This paper aims to describe the process of overcoming hate speech crimes during the caliphate of 'Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib in the perspective of the history of Islamic law. The important question to be answered in this paper is how did the caliph 'Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib contribute to handling the problem of hate speech? This paper finds three essential things. First, the death of Caliph 'Uthmān became the cause of the emergence of various slander. The main perpetrators were the Sabā’iyyah, Khawarij, and Shia groups. The form of slander is in the form of hate speech, such as insulting, defaming, inciting, spreading hoaxes which are violations of human rights and have discriminated against certain entities and individuals. Second, the policy of overcoming hate speech is pursued by a criminal and social law approach. Third, the relevance between ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib's policy and existing regulations in Indonesia lies in the form of actions, punishments, and protection of human rights from discrimination.

The importance of using a retroreflective vest for the Е-bicycle speed perception

Logistic center’s location for goods distribution in Republic of Srpska can be asserted on many parameters from whom two has vital importance: geographical position and size of traffic flow. Special significance of these center’s are logistical diversity, especially where different branches of traffics are involved. Starting factors for developing such a center in Republic of Srpska are position on roads, rails and corridors. Main purpose of these centers are command gathering, sendig commands to transport vehicles, depo good if necessary, forming transport units and delivery. There are seven main criteria: social, law regulation, ecological, technical, economics and organization. To define these criteria survey is used, also every criteria is evaluated. Applying ARAS (A new Additive Ratio Assesment) mathematical method Doboj city is determined to be optimal location for logistical center development.

Logistic center’s location choice with ARAS method

Logistic center’s location for goods distribution in Republic of Srpska can be asserted on many parameters from whom two has vital importance: geographical position and size of traffic flow. Special significance of these center’s are logistical diversity, especially where different branches of traffics are involved. Starting factors for developing such a center in Republic of Srpska are position on roads, rails and corridors. Main purpose of these centers are command gathering, sendig commands to transport vehicles, depo good if necessary, forming transport units and delivery. There are seven main criteria: social, law regulation, ecological, technical, economics and organization. To define these criteria survey is used, also every criteria is evaluated. Applying ARAS mathematical method Doboj city is determined to be optimal location for logistical center development.