Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potential of Scenedesmus obliquus Microalgae in the Context of Integral Biorefinery Concept

Small-scale photobioreactors (PBRs) in the inoculum stage were designed with internal (red or green) and external white LED light as an initial step of a larger-scale installation aimed at fulfilling the integral biorefinery concept for maximum utilization of microalgal biomass in a multifunctional laboratory. The specific growth rate of Scenedesmus obliquus (Turpin) Kützing biomass for given cultural conditions was analyzed by using MAPLE software. For the determination of total polyphenols, flavonoids, chlorophyll “a” and “b”, carotenoids and lipids, UHPLC-HRMS, ISO-20776/1, ISO-10993-5 and CUPRAC tests were carried out. Under red light growing, a higher content of polyphenols was found, while the green light favoured the flavonoid accumulation in the biomass. Chlorophylls, carotenoids and lipids were in the same order of magnitude in both samples. The dichloromethane extracts obtained from the biomass of each PBR synergistically potentiated at low concentrations (0.01–0.05 mg/mL) the antibacterial activity of penicillin, fluoroquinolones or oregano essential oil against the selected food-borne pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium) without showing any in vitro cytotoxicity. Both extracts exhibited good cupric ion-reducing antioxidant capacity at concentrations above 0.042–0.08 mg/mL. The UHPLC-HRMS analysis revealed that both extracts contained long chain fatty acids and carotenoids thus explaining their antibacterial and antioxidant potential. The applied engineering approach showed a great potential to modify microalgae metabolism for the synthesis of target compounds by S. obliquus with capacity for the development of health-promoting nutraceuticals for poultry farming.

The Effect of Trophic Modes on Biomass and Lipid Production of Five Microalgal Strains

Five microalgae strains, namely Isochrysis galbana, Microchloropsis gaditana, Scenedesmus obliquus, Nannochloropsis oculata and Tetraselmis suecica, were selected as potential candidates for polyunsaturated fatty acids’ production, evaluating biomass productivity and their capacity to accumulate high lipid contents under different trophic modes. Microalgae strains were cultivated in the presence of 1% glucose using mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions, while autotrophic cultures served as control experiments. The results demonstrate that S. obliquus performed the highest biomass productivity that reached 0.13 and 0.14 g L−1 d−1 under mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions, respectively. I. galbana and S. obliquus utilized elevated contents of glucose in mixotrophy, removing 55.9% and 95.6% of the initial concentration of the carbohydrate, respectively, while glucose consumption by the aforementioned strains also remained high under heterotrophic cultivation. The production of lipids was maximal for I. galbana in mixotrophy and S. obliquus in heterotrophy, performing lipid productivities of 24.85 and 22.77 mg L−1 d−1, respectively. The most abundant saturated acid detected for all microalgae strains evaluated was palmitic acid (C16:0), while oleic and linolenic acids (C18:1n9c/C18:3n3) comprised the most abundant unsaturated fatty acids. I. galbana performed the highest linoleic acid (C18:2n6c) content under heterotrophic nutrition, which reached 87.9 mg g−1 of ash-free dry weight. Among the microalgae strains compared, the biomass and lipid production monitored for I. galbana and S. obliquus confirm that both strains could serve as efficient bioproducers for application in algal biorefineries.

Utilización de microalgas como alternativa para la remoción de metales pesados

Contextualización: la contaminación directa de cuerpos de agua, por vertimientos de agua residual contaminada con metales pesados, es un problema importante que se ha agudizado en las últimas décadas, debido a que los metales pesados pueden alterar el correcto funcionamiento de los ecosistemas. Vacío de investigación: se hace necesario y urgente la búsqueda de alternativas de remoción de contaminantes metálicos que sean de bajo costo y amigables con el ambiente. En ese sentido, la biosorción es una alternativa que cumple con estas características y su modo de uso es simple. Propósito del estudio: se planteó como objetivo determinar la capacidad de biosorción de los metales pesados Hg, Cd y Pb por las microalgas Chlorella vulgaris y Scenedesmus obliquus, inmovilizadas en fibra de estropajo (Luffa cylindrica), así como la desorción de estos como estrategia de recuperación. Metodología: Para la determinación del Cd y Pb se utilizó un espectrofotómetro de absorción atómica de llama aire-acetileno y para el Hg, uno de absorción atómica con vapor frío. El análisis de los metales pesados removidos se realizó en el sobrenadante y la capacidad de desorción se determinó en el sobrenadante resultante de la biomasa microalgal, la cual se trató con solución acuosa de ácido y centrifugada. Se realizó un análisis de varianza mediante un diseño completamente al azar. Las diferencias estadísticas significativas (p < 0,05), se determinaron mediante la prueba de Tukey. Resultados y conclusiones: los resultados indican diferencias significativas en la biosorción de metales pesados. Chlorella vulgaris tuvo la mayor biosorción con 94,77 ± 1,63 % para Cd, 92,45 ± 3,95 % de Pb y 81,78 ± 1,36 % de Hg; mientras que Scenedesmus obliquus removió el 90,08 ± 2,69 % de Cd, 86,17 ± 1,78 % de Pb y 80,2 ± 5,49 % de Hg. Y con respecto a la desorción, Chlorella vulgaris presentó los promedios más alto con 97,29 ± 1,93 % de Hg, 96,86 ± 2,14 % de Cd y 95,48 ± 1,19 % de Pb; mientras que Scenedesmus obliquus mostró una desorción de 96,74 ± 2,14 % de Hg, 95,15 ± 2,90 % de Cd y 93,82 ± 2,68% de Pb. Estos resultados demuestran que la aplicación de biomasa microalgal inmovilizada para la biosorción de metales pesados es una alternativa de biorremediación.

Inhibitory properties of crude microalgal extracts on the in vitro replication of cyprinid herpesvirus 3

Microalgae are possible sources of antiviral substances, e.g. against cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3). Although this virus leads to high mortalities in aquacultures, there is no treatment available yet. Hence, ethanolic extracts produced with accelerated solvent extraction from six microalgal species (Arthrospira platensis, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Chlorella kessleri, Haematococcus pluvialis, Nostoc punctiforme and Scenedesmus obliquus) were examined in this study. An inhibition of the in vitro replication of CyHV-3 could be confirmed for all six species, with the greatest effect for the C. reinhardtii and H. pluvialis crude extracts. At still non-cytotoxic concentrations, viral DNA replication was reduced by over 3 orders of magnitude each compared to the untreated replication controls, while the virus titers were even below the limit of detection (reduction of 4 orders of magnitude). When pre-incubating both cells and virus with C. reinhardtii and H. pluvialis extracts before inoculation, the reduction of viral DNA was even stronger (> 4 orders of magnitude) and no infectious viral particles were detected. Thus, the results of this study indicate that microalgae and cyanobacteria are a promising source of natural bioactive substances against CyHV-3. However, further studies regarding the isolation and identification of the active components of the extracts are needed.