Perception and use of Contraceptives among Women in Farming Households of Rural Oyo State, Nigeria

The objective of this study was to investigate the extent and perception of contraceptive use among women from farming households in Oyo state, Nigeria. Descriptive statistics were used in profiling the socioeconomic characteristics of respondents, a multinomial logistic model was used to estimate the determinants of contraceptive usage, while the Likert scale was used to measure their perception towards the use of contraceptives. A total of 150 women were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. The results obtained indicated that while only 27% of the women were aware of contraceptives, 23% of them had used them. Cost was the most important consideration among the women for choosing a method as indicated by 41% of them. Further, among those who had not used any contraceptive, traditional and religious beliefs were their major considerations. The regression analysis showed formal education to be a significant factor (at α0.05) that increased the probability of women embracing contraception. Perception towards contraceptives among women in rural Oyo State, Nigeria was seen to be generally positive, although convenience of the methods (mean score 1.49) and side effects (means score 1.35) were considered to be drawbacks. It was recommended that more awareness needed to be created on birth control along with the introduction of modern methods of contraception with fewer side effects. Also, family planning interventions in Nigeria should be made context-specific and culturally appealing so as to increase their acceptability in rural farming communities.

Contraceptive Dynamics Among Women with Disabilities in Low-and Middle-Income Countries: A Scoping Review Protocol

Introduction Contraceptive dynamics is the use of contraception, unmet need, discontinuation and/or switching of contraception. Women with disabilities (WWDs) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) face a common problem: a low prevalence of contraceptive usage and a high unmet need. Despite the fact that certain studies have been conducted in high-income countries, there is a scarcity of research on the degree of contraceptive method mix, unmet need, contraception discontinuation, and switching among WWDs in LMICs. As a result, the scoping review's goal is to investigate, map available evidence, and identify knowledge gaps on contraceptive dynamics within LMICs WWDs. Methods The scoping review is guided by the six-stage Arksey and O'Malley methodology framework. Published articles will be retrieved from databases such as PubMed (Medline), the Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and Global Health. Grey literature databases will be searched using electronic search engines such as Google scholar, Google, OpenGrey, and Worldcat. In addition, a manual search of reference lists from recognized studies will be conducted, as well as a hand search of the literature. There will be no restrictions on study design or publication year. Two independent reviewers will screen relevant publications, and data will be charted accordingly. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist and reporting guideline will be used to convey the findings of this scoping review. Discussion When compared to non-disabled women, WWDs had a lower prevalence of contraceptive usage and a higher unmet need in LMICs. This indicates a pervasive issue that could compromise the United Nations (UN) General Assembly Convention article 25, which guarantees PWDs access to SRH services, and make the situation difficult to address. Despite these facts, they are the most marginalized people. on the planet. It is critical to map available evidence and identify knowledge gaps in order to do this. As a result, the findings of this scoping review will be significant in terms of the contraceptive dynamic among WWDs in LMICs. Registration: Open Science Framework (OSF), with registration number; DOI/10.17605/OSF.IO/XCKPT.

The relationship between shared-decision making in contraceptive counseling and satisfaction in Accra and Kumasi, Ghana

Background: Current use of modern methods of contraception remain low in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, including Ghana. One way to improve both satisfaction with and continuation of contraceptive usage is to increase the level of shared decision-making around method choice. In this study, we sought to evaluate the extent to which patients in urban Ghana experienced shared decision-making and if this was associated with method chosen, satisfaction, or continuation of the method at three-months post-visit. Methods: We conducted a longitudinal survey. Women were recruited when they were starting a new method of contraception and followed-up with at three-months post-initiation from five family planning clinics in Accra and Kumasi, Ghana. Participants were asked who made the decision about their method choice, the patient herself, the provider, or the patient and provider together. Our outcomes included measures of satisfaction and three months’ continuation. Results: Fifty-eight percent of our participants reported making the decision of which method to use themselves, and eighty percent reported being satisfied to be leaving with their chosen method. At three months, those who reported they engaged in shared decision-making were more likely to report they would choose the same method again (p=.003), a measure of satisfaction. Patients who reported they made the decision of which method to use (p=.002) and those who left with an injection or pill (p=.019) rated their provider less favorably, while participants who had used a method before (p=.024) and those who reported they received their method of choice (p=.000) rated their providers more favorably. Conclusions: Measured in multiple ways, women who made the decision of which method to use were less satisfied. These results show the importance of providers engaging with patients during the contraceptive decision-making process.

Effects of acute stress on exposure therapy outcome and generalization in woman: considering the modulatory role of hormonal contraceptive use

The administration of glucocorticoids (GC) as an adjunct to exposure might represent a promising strategy to improve exposure therapy outcome in anxiety disorders (AD). The beneficial effects, however, might be sex-dependent and/or further modulated by hormonal factors (e.g., contraceptive usage in women). In the present study, we investigated whether acute stress before exposure therapy affects its efficacy in women using oral contraceptives (OC) relative to free-cycling (FC) women. In addition, possible effects of stress on generalization of therapy effects towards untreated stimuli were examined. Women with fears of spiders and cockroaches were randomly assigned to a stress (n=24) or no-stress (n=24) group prior to a standardized one-session exposure. Acute stress did not influence exposure-induced reduction in fear and avoidance of the treated stimuli (spiders). However, stress led to a less pronounced beneficial exposure outcome for treated stimuli in OC women relative to FC women. This effect occurred on the level of subjective fear and self-report questionnaires at post-treatment (24 hours after exposure) and follow-up (4 weeks after exposure). No effects of stress on generalization of therapy effects towards untreated stimuli (cockroaches) were found. Our findings suggest that OC usage diminishes the beneficial effects of stress on exposure therapy outcome seen in FC women. We present first clinical findings regarding the interaction of stress (and possibly GCs) and OC in exposure therapy of AD. OC intake in women constitutes a crucial factor to be considered in augmentation studies using stress and GCs.

CORRELATION BETWEEN MOTHER’S KNOWLEDGE AND HUSBAND’S SUPPORT WITH THE USE OF IUD IN BOAWAE COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTER

Background: The intrauterine device (IUD) is an effective and efficient long-term method of contraception which has effect of delaying and spacing more than three years of birth. NTT is one of the province with the most dominant short-acting contraception methods usage and IUD contraceptive usage is lowest in Boawae Community Health Center. The low use of IUD can be influenced by two factors such as mother’s knowledge and husband’s support. This study aims to analyse relationship between mother’s knowledge and husband’s support. with the use of IUD. Method: This study was observational analytic study with cross sectional approach. There were 104 mothers consisted of 52 IUDs and 52 non IUDs, were selected by simple random sampling technique and assessed with questionnaire. The independent variable are mother's knowledge and husband's support, while the dependent variable is the use of IUD. Data analysis was achieved by chi square and multiple regression logistic test. Results: The results showed that most of mothers with IUD had good knowledge as much as 67.3% and most of non-IUDs’s mothers had less knowledge of 40,4%. Husband’s support of mother’s with IUDs was 67,3% and in non-IUD’s mothers was only 15,4%. There were significant association between mother’s knowledge (p value =0,000) and husband’s support (p value = 0,000) with the use of IUD. Multiple logistic regression test showed that husband support was the most dominant factor with p value = 0,000 (p <0.05). Conclusion: There were relationship between knowledge and husband’s support with the use of IUD. Husband's support is the most dominant factor in the use of IUD.

FACTORS INFLUENCING MAKERS IN LONG ACTING REVERSIBLE CONTRACEPTIVES IN BAJAWA SUB DISTRICT

ABSTRACTLong-Acting Reversible Contraceptives (LARCs) is a contraceptive method recommended by the government which has long-term protection and high effectiveness with a failure rate of 0.5 to 2 pregnancies / 100 women in the first year of usage. The use of LARCs are influencing by the role of health officers and decision-makers. This study aimed to analyze relationship between the role of health officers and decision-makers with the use of LARCs. Methode used is an observational analytic study using a cross-sectional approach. with 92 samples respondents. The technique used in sampling was consecutive sampling. The independent variables were the role of health officer and decision-makers while , the dependent variable was LARCs usage. The bivariate analysis test used the chi-square test and fisher’s exact. The Result shows the most common of contraceptive usage was non-LARCs. The results of chi-square analysis showed p-value <0.05 stated statistically associated between the role of health officers and LARCs usage (0.017). In contrast, the result of fisher’s exact analysis showed p-value > 0,05 stated non statistically associated between decision makers and LARCs usage (0,793). Conclusions: Concluded that the role of health officers associated with LARCs while decision makers aren’t associated with LARCs usage.

The role of structural and process quality of family planning Care in Modern Contraceptive use in Indonesia: a multilevel analysis

Introduction Despite contraceptive behaviors are influenced by multiple and multilevel variables, studies on modern contraceptive use in Indonesia has concentrated on single-level and mostly individual and household variables, and less interest has been devoted to multilevel analysis that accounts for community and SDP characteristics that may affect woman’s decision to use modern FP method. This study aimed to assess the role of structural and process quality of family planning care in modern contraceptive use among women in reproductive ages in Indonesia. Methods This study analyzed data from the 2016 PMA2020 survey of 10,210 women in 372 enumeration areas in Indonesia. The data were analyzed using categorical principal component analysis and multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression. Results The key variables for structural quality were number of contraceptive provided, SDP supports CHWs, available water and electricity, and skilled FP personnel, while the main factors for process quality were privacy of clients and provision of post-abortion service. There were significant differences across communities in how study variables associated with modern FP adoption. The finding shows the evidence of significant roles of structural and process quality FP care in modern contraceptive use. Moreover, women with high autonomy in FP decision, those who had free national/district health insurance, and those living in a community with higher proportion of women visited by CHW, had higher odds of modern contraceptive usage. Yet, women who live in a community with higher mean ideal number of children or greater proportion of women citing personal/husband/religion opposition to FP, had lower odds of modern contraceptive use than their counterparts. Conclusion Study findings suggest improvement in structural and process quality of FP care will yield substantial growths in modern contraceptive use. Moreover, FP workers should also address adverse cultural/traditional customs in community and should target communities where the demand for modern FP was degraded by opposing social beliefs and norms. There was significant variation across communities in how individual, household, community, and SDP factors affect modern FP practice, hence, context should be taken into consideration in the development of FP intervention and promotion programs.

DETERMINANTS OF FAMILY PLANNING AMONG MYANMAR WOMEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Background: Family planning is achieved by using contraceptive methods and the treatment of involuntary infertility. In Myanmar, although the contraceptive prevalence rate is increasing, it still needs to reach 60% in family planning 2020 commitment. This review is aimed to explore the determinants that can improve or inhibit contraceptive usage among Myanmar women. Methods: 88 articles are found through searching in PubMed, Scopus, EBSCO and ProQuest. Nine articles which meet inclusion and exclusion criteria are selected. Results: Four main themes emerged. These are socio-demographic factors (age, level of education, marital duration, number of living children, religion, occupation, income), cognitive factors (knowledge), affective factors (attitude and motivation including support from health care providers, family, friend as well as husband and health education) and availability of service (distance form health care place, service available for 24 hours, cost). Conclusion: The findings will be supported to information about the needs and gaps in implementing family planning. It is recommended that knowledge on determinants of family planning is helpful to improve family planning program in both urban and rural communities.

CONTRACEPTIVES POST-DELIVERY: A SURVEY OF DETERMINANTS AND ATTITUDES IN SOUTHERN RAJASTHAN.

Contraception is essentially evolving into a need of the hour due to rampant population explosion as well as due to the health of the mother. In certain sections of the society, more so in the rural community, the approach towards contraceptive usage is low on account of apprehensions, societal issues or plain ignorance. The present study was designed to understand the factors that determine contraceptive usage in such a community in rural rajasthan. It was found that factors such as family type, earlier child and socio-economic factors affect the choice of contraceptive usage. The use of counselling methods can help in overcoming the initial apprehensions that are faced by the women. Secondly an awareness created in the mind of the husband and relatives can aid in providing a well balanced decision on contraception as in rural set ups, the decision does not solely rest on the female. Keywords: Attitudes, Contraception, Post-partum

Attitude and usage of Contraceptives among Married Couples in Northern Nigeria: A Review

In Nigeria, particularly in Northern Nigeria, low contraception use is one of the most important predictors of high fertility. Traditional methods such as periodic abstinence and coitus interrupts are recommended over modern contraceptives, which include hormonal and non-hormonal options, because they are more effective and have lower failure rates. High rates of unplanned pregnancies, abortions, maternal illness, and mortality are all associated with low contraceptive use. Contrary to popular belief, modern contraception is an important part of maternal, infant, and child health care. The idea of contraception, modern and traditional methods of contraception, couples' attitudes about contraceptive usage, and variables that limit contraceptive use are all discussed in the report. The internet, academic publications, conference papers, and textbooks were used to gather secondary data. Women's attitudes regarding contraception were influenced by myths and misconceptions, opposition from their spouses, religion, traditional beliefs, and habits, according to the study.