Borderline conditions in dermato-oncology

This review article provides an overview of the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment methods for actinic keratosis, keratoacanthoma, and Bowen’s disease. The provoking factors are described, where the main importance is attached to insolation, previous immunosuppression and immunodeficiency and trauma. The pathogenesis of these diseases is described in the form of cascade models. Various clinical forms and their main dermatoscopic features, suitable for digital processing in automated diagnostic systems, are presented. A stepwise approach to the treatment of these nosologies is described, and a preliminary prognosis is assessed based on the duration of progression and the likelihood of transformation into squamous cell carcinoma. Given the fact that dermato-oncologists have not yet come to a consensus on the classification of the described diseases, in this article they are considered as a borderline, thereby demonstrating a fine line of transition from a precancerous state to cancer in situ.

Synchrony-Division Neural Multiplexing: An Encoding Model

Cortical neurons receive mixed information from collective spiking activities of primary sensory neurons in response to a sensory stimulus. A recent study demonstrated that the time underlying the onset-offset of a tactile stimulus and its varying intensity can be respectively represented by synchronous and asynchronous spikes of S1 neurons in rats. This evidence capitalized on the ability of an ensemble of homogeneous neurons to multiplex, a coding strategy that was referred to as synchrony division multiplexing (SDM). Although neural multiplexing can be conceived by distinct functions of individual neurons in a heterogeneous neural ensemble, the extent to which nearly identical neurons in a homogeneous neural ensemble encode multiple features of a mixed stimulus remains unknown. Here, we present a computational framework to provide a system-level understanding of how an ensemble of homogeneous neurons enables SDM. First, we simulate SDM with an ensemble of homogeneous conductance-based model neurons receiving a mixed stimulus comprising slow and fast features. Using feature estimation techniques, we show that both features of the stimulus can be inferred from the generated spikes. Second, we utilize linear nonlinear (LNL) cascade models and calculate temporal filters and static nonlinearities of differentially synchronized spikes. We demonstrate that these filters and nonlinearities are distinct for synchronous and asynchronous spikes. Finally, we develop an augmented LNL cascade model as an encoding model for the SDM by combining individual LNLs calculated for each type of spike. The augmented LNL model reveals that a homogeneous neural ensemble can perform two different functions, namely, temporal- and rate- coding, simultaneously.

A Local-Feedback-Global-Cascade Model for Hierarchical l Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Humans

A broad view on Heart Rate Variability (HRV) study is made and the hierarchical structure is shown in Local-Feedback-Global-Cascade (LFGC) model, which is built to explore the role of reflex feedback. This feedback, which integrates additive and multiple functionalities in multifractal cascade models, functions on the She-Waymire (SW) form of the hierarchical structure so that the concept of defect dynamics can be applied to LFGC model. The experimental evidence verified the existence of the hierarchical structure and showed discrete scale invariance in data supported the additive feedback law, which may exist in the cardiovascular system in harmony with this dynamical cascade model.

A Local-Feedback-Global-Cascade Model for Hierarchical l Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Humans

A broad view on Heart Rate Variability (HRV) study is made and the hierarchical structure is shown in Local-Feedback-Global-Cascade (LFGC) model, which is built to explore the role of reflex feedback. This feedback, which integrates additive and multiple functionalities in multifractal cascade models, functions on the She-Waymire (SW) form of the hierarchical structure so that the concept of defect dynamics can be applied to LFGC model. The experimental evidence verified the existence of the hierarchical structure and showed discrete scale invariance in data supported the additive feedback law, which may exist in the cardiovascular system in harmony with this dynamical cascade model.

Gamma-Ray and Neutrino Signals from Accretion Disk Coronae of Active Galactic Nuclei

To explain the X-ray spectra of active galactic nuclei (AGN), non-thermal activity in AGN coronae such as pair cascade models has been extensively discussed in the past literature. Although X-ray and gamma-ray observations in the 1990s disfavored such pair cascade models, recent millimeter-wave observations of nearby Seyferts have established the existence of weak non-thermal coronal activity. In addition, the IceCube collaboration reported NGC 1068, a nearby Seyfert, as the hottest spot in their 10 yr survey. These pieces of evidence are enough to investigate the non-thermal perspective of AGN coronae in depth again. This article summarizes our current observational understanding of AGN coronae and describes how AGN coronae generate high-energy particles. We also provide ways to test the AGN corona model with radio, X-ray, MeV gamma ray, and high-energy neutrino observations.

Parallel and recurrent cascade models as a unifying force for understanding sub-cellular computation

Neurons are very complicated computational devices, incorporating numerous non-linear processes, particularly in their dendrites. Biophysical models capture these processes directly by explicitly modelling physiological variables, such as ion channels, current flow, membrane capacitance, etc. However, another option for capturing the complexities of real neural computation is to use cascade models, which treat individual neurons as a cascade of linear and non-linear operations, akin to a multi-layer artificial neural network. Recent research has shown that cascade models can capture single-cell computation well, but there are still a number of sub-cellular, regenerative dendritic phenomena that they cannot capture, such as the interaction between sodium, calcium, and NMDA spikes in different compartments. Here, we show that it is possible to capture these additional phenomena usingparallel, recurrentcascade models, wherein an individual neuron is modelled as a cascade of parallel linear and non-linear operations that can be connected recurrently, akin to a multi-layer, recurrent, artificial neural network. We go on to discuss potential implications and uses of these models for artificial intelligence. Overall, we argue that parallel, recurrent cascade models provide an important, unifying tool for capturing single-cell computation and exploring the algorithmic implications of physiological phenomena.

932. Creating a Statewide HCV Treatment Cascade for HIV/HCV Co-Infected Persons Using a Partnership with DPH

Background Treatment cascade models focused on persons with HCV mono-infection have been created based on estimates from multiple data sources. Approximately 25% of persons with HIV are coinfected with HCV; no comparable treatment cascade has been reliably generated due to inadequate HCV surveillance data. Using expanded surveillance capacity and validated HIV matching algorithms, we created an HCV treatment cascade for HIV/HCV coinfected persons in Connecticut. Methods Surveillance databases used: CTEDSS (CT Electronic Disease Surveillance System used for HCV) and eHARS (electronic HIV/AIDS Reporting System). eHARS data timeline includes all surveillance entries with labs from 1/1/2015-10/1/2019. Two CTEDSS timelines analyzed: One, all surveillance entries (1/1/1994-1/1/2020); Two, all surveillance entries with labs from 1/1/2016-1/1/2020. Matching CTEDSS and eHARS, coinfected lists were generated and patient HCV labs (AB & PCR) were assessed to determine HCV care status on the treatment cascade. Inclusions and Exclusions for All HCV surveillance entries (1/1/1994 to 1/1/2020) Inclusions and Exclusions for All HCV Surveillance Entries with Labs from 1/1/2016 to 1/1/2020 Results All surveillance entries (1/1/1994 to 1/1/2020): The coinfected list had 3,689 entries; 1,938 had positive HCV screenings (AB+ and/or PCR+) and were eligible for further analysis based on lab dispositions: 567 HCV AB+ only; 721 HCV AB+ and PCR+; 149 PCR+ only; 453 AB+ then PCR+ then PCR-; 48 PCR+ then PCR-. Of 1,371 with evidence for chronic HCV, 501 had presumed sustained virologic response (SVR) (36.5%). All surveillance entries with HCV labs from 1/1/2016 to 1/1/2020: The coinfected list had 912 entries; 665 met inclusion criteria for positive HCV screenings with lab dispositions: 17 HCV AB+ only; 197 HCV AB+ and PCR+; 6 PCR+ only; 407 AB+ then PCR+ then PCR-; 38 PCR+ then PCR-. Of the 648 chronically infected, 445 had presumed SVR (68.6%). Treatment cascade for all surveillance entries (1/1/1994 to 1/1/2020) Treatment cascade for all surveillance entries with labs from 1/1/2016 to 1/1/2020 Conclusion It is feasible to create statewide treatment cascades for HIV/HCV coinfected individuals. SVR rates improved from 36.5% to 68.6% with the use a of more recent HCV surveillance timeline. Contributing factors include: 2016 HCV case definition change (increased HCV PCR testing); electronic lab interface with CTEDSS being able to record negative PCRs in 2018; enhanced DAA availability and implementation. Future studies should adopt this approach which more accurately represents the HCV care status of the current co-infected population. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures