TAMBOV GOVERNING ELITE IN THE CONDITIONS OF POST-REFORM TRANSFORMATION

The article examines the period (1861-1898) after the abolition of serfdom in the region of Central Russia. This period is characterized by a difficult situation for the further development of the country in the new realities. Despite the modernization message from the upper echelons of power, in the depths of the regional elite, serf attitudes and customs were preserved, which were supported by peasant’s patriarchal psychology. In this article the information on the adjustment of the nobility and landowners to the post-reform realities, on actions to realize their interests is supplemented. In carrying out the research, general scientific and special historical methods were used. The work is based on the archival sources of the State Archive of the Tambov Region. According to the results of the study, it can be noted that the local administrative elites were inclined to expand the boundaries of their own power. The modernization impulses directed from the capital, although caught by the Tambov leadership and the nobility, were implemented in a refined manner, drawing from the local interests. With the economic crisis, the "crisis of the management elite" also grew. Local authorities were increasingly distanced from the process of agricultural modernization in the Tambov province, not realizing that the agrotechnical backwardness of the region, which was aggravating over the years, was actually turning into a hotbed of great tension and threatened with serious conflict situations.

Economic Effect of Rural Labor Transfer in China

With the continuous development of China’s economy and the acceleration of urbanization, more and more rural labor force is gradually transferred to cities and non-agricultural industries. Although the transfer of rural labor force can increase farmers’ income, improve farmers’ quality of life, and accelerate the process of urbanization and agricultural modernization in China, the unreasonable transfer of rural labor force has also brought some problems to China’s agricultural development. This paper mainly through the method of combining theoretical derivation and empirical analysis, using the data from 2010 to 2015 to analyze, study the influence of rural labor transfer on agricultural production, explore the relationship between rural labor transfer and agricultural development and provide relevant policy suggestions.

Politics of Seed in Ethiopia's Agricultural Transformation: Pathways to Seed System Development

Seed system development in the developing world, especially in Africa, has become a political space. This article analyzes current Ethiopian seed politics in light of the historical dynamics of national and international seed system politics and developments. Drawing on multiple power analysis approaches and employing the lens of “international seed regimes,” the article characterizes the historical pattern of seed regimes in Ethiopia. While colonial territories underwent three historical seed regime patterns—the first colonial seed regime, the second post-WWII public seed regime, and the third post-1980s corporate-based neoliberal seed regime, Ethiopia has only experienced one of these. Until the 1950s, when the first US government's development assistance program—the Point 4 Program—enabled the second government-led seed regime to emerge, the farmers' seed systems remained the only seed innovation and supply system. The first colonial seed regime never took hold as the country remained uncolonized, and the government has hitherto resisted the third corporate-based neoliberal seed regime. In the current conjuncture in the contemporary Ethiopian seed regime, four different approaches to pluralistic seed system development are competing: (1) government-led formalization, (2) private-led formalization, (3) farmer-based localization, and (4) community-based integrative seed system developments. The Pluralistic Seed System Development Strategy (PSSDS) from 2013 is a uniquely diverse approach to seed system development internationally; however, it has yet to realize its equity and sustainability potential. This study shows that the agricultural modernization dependency and government-led formal seed systems development have sidelined opportunities to tap into the strength of other alternatives identified in the PSSDS. In conclusion, an integrative and inclusive seed sector is possible if the government takes leadership and removes the current political, organizational, and economic barriers for developing a truly pluralistic seed system.

Growing hope: Island agriculture and refusing catastrophe in climate change adaptation in Fiji

In both media and policy, climate change is broadly framed as the promise of catastrophe for small island states such as Fiji. This framing is often used to attract adaptation investment in islands, the targets and directives of which are frequently market-based and oriented toward economic-growth development models. In Fiji, this takes the form of land tenure policy and efforts to attract investment to support agricultural modernization. Such a pattern is the source of scholarly and activist critique that climate change adaptation is nothing more than a repackaging of neoliberal development. This paper seeks to situate such critique alongside parallel attention to climate change adaptation practices emerging from alternative, hopeful frames and aimed at less national development driven efforts. In doing so, it centers adaptation as a space of unsettled struggle and asks, in what ways do climate change adaptation practices in Fiji align and conflict with dominant framing of island vulnerability and climate catastrophe, and how might they suggest alternative adaptive interventions that renegotiate these frames? Specifically, this paper focuses on efforts to promote ‘traditional’ agriculture throughout Fiji as an endogenous and hopeful form of adaptation, and one consistently opposed to efforts at agricultural modernization as an adaptation strategy.

Poverty dynamics in farm and rural households: PATANAS data analysis 2007‒2018

In developing countries, the majority of the population work as farmers. Thus, the welfare realization can be achieved by increasing farmers’ welfare. Welfare is the opposite of poverty, therefore, the prevalence of poverty is seen as an indicator of welfare. This study aims to analyze the dynamics of poverty at the farm and rural household levels. The data used is from a panel data survey of the National Farmers Panel (PATANAS) on four agroecosystems from 2007 to 2018, collected by the Indonesian Centre for Agricultural Socio-Economic and Policy Studies (ICASEPS), Ministry of Agriculture. The data were analyzed statistically descriptive by making six poverty categories based on the distance between per capita income and the poverty line published by Central Bureau Statistic (CBS). The study results show that rural households still use the land as their main base of income in all types of agroecosystems. On the other hand, non-agricultural income sources have consistently increased, indicating a structural change from the dominance of agriculture to industry and services. There has been a decrease in the number of rural households categorized as almost non-poor, destitute, and suffering. The number of households categorized as non-poor and very poor is dominant in all agroecosystems. It shows that there is widening inequality. Recommendations can be given in farm upgrading through agricultural modernization, rural agro-industrialization, and even job transfer from rural farmers to the formal urban sector.

Calculation of regional agricultural production efficiency and empirical analysis of its influencing factors-based on DEA-CCR model and Tobit model

The improvement of agricultural production efficiency and the transformation of production mode are the core of promoting agricultural modernization. Taking Chongqing as a sample case, this paper uses DEA-CCR Model, Malmquist Index and Tobit Model to calculate and analyze its agricultural production efficiency and its influencing factors, and accurately identifies the problems existing in its agricultural transformation and development. It has an important policy reference value for improving agricultural innovation and competitiveness, promoting the steady development of rural revitalization, and realizing agricultural modernization, which also provides some reference and enlightenment for countries or regions with similar characteristics of mountain agriculture development in the world to enhance regional agricultural production efficiency. Through empirical analysis and investigation, it is found that the overall agricultural production efficiency of Chongqing remains at the productivity level of 0.8 from 2009 to 2018, with an average annual growth rate of 12.8%, but there is a large gap in the level of regional development. Through Malmquist Index decomposition, it is found that agricultural technology progress has the greatest contribution to the improvement of production efficiency. Financial support for agriculture, urbanization level, regional economic development level and highway mileage have a significant positive impact on production efficiency, while the level of farmers’ disposable income has a negative impact on the increase of production efficiency, and the income gap between urban and rural residents fails to pass the significance test.

Simulation of Policy Tools’ Effects on Farmers’ Adoption of Conservation Tillage Technology: An Empirical Analysis in China

Conservation tillage technology (CTT) provides a new solution to the problem of cultivated land protection. Using effective policy tools to ensure that farmers adopt conservation tillage technology is crucial to the sustainable utilization of cultivated land resources and the development of agricultural modernization. This study aims to explore the decision-making and the dynamic influence mechanism involved in using policy tools to influence farmers’ technology adoption behaviors by constructing a theoretical framework. Based on survey data of farmers in Liaoning Province, China, the Agent Belief–Desire–Intention (BDI) model is applied. The results show that the implementation of policy tools promotes farmers’ adoption of CTT, but different types of policy tools have different impacts on the decision-making behavior of farmers; a change in the intensity of the policy tools will also cause differences in farmers’ behavioral responses. In addition, policy tools must be implemented in a timely manner, as the number of farmers adopting CTT reaches the maximum within 2-3 years. Based on the above research results, in order to effectively promote farmers’ adoption of CTT, the government should pay attention to the role of information-inducing policy and set flexible policy subsidies and punishment standards.

Prioritize the Development of Agriculture and Rural Areas, and Comprehensively Promote Rural Revitalization

Without agricultural and rural modernization, there would be no national modernization, and without rural revitalization, there would be no great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China proposed that the goal of “giving priority to the development of agriculture and rural areas and comprehensively promoting rural revitalization” is to increase efforts to continue the work of “agriculture, rural areas and farmers” and to continue the comprehensive promotion of rural revitalization to make agricultural modernization, comprehensive rural progress, and comprehensive rural development. develop. Consolidating the basics Agriculture is the cornerstone of people’s stability and the key to national governance with a population of 1.4 billion. Agriculture must be developed. No matter where industrialization and urbanization are advanced, villages must not perish, and cities and rural areas must coexist. As General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, if in the process of modernization, “the city is prosperous on one side and the countryside is on the other side”, “this kind of modernization cannot be successful”. To comprehensively build a new path for a modern socialist country, we must follow the objective laws of economic development, make the resolution of “agriculture, rural areas, and farmers” the top priority of the party’s work, insist on giving priority to development, and comprehensively promote rural revitalization. The general trend of taking the realization of socialist modernization as the long-term goal.