Justice as Mutual Advantage?

Necessary and sufficient conditions are proposed for characterizing the general theory of justice as mutual advantage. Justice as mutual advantage has a distinguished history, but is thought to be false because according to this theory vulnerable members of society are apparently owed no benefits of justice. A repeated Provider-Recipient game model shows by example that justice as mutual advantage systems can require that the vulnerable receive benefits, refuting the Vulnerability Objection. Conditions for defining the community of inclusion in justice as mutual advantage systems are proposed in terms of salience. A justice as mutual system is defined as a system of conventions for sharing the cooperative surplus generated from compliance with these conventions that is Baseline Consistent or stable with respect to possible renegotiation in case the community experiences certain changes in their circumstances.

RESEARCH OF STABLE TETRAHEDRON OF LiF-LiVO3-NaBr-NaVO3 QUATERNARY MUTUAL SYSTEM OF Li,Na||F,Br,VO3

Phase equilibria of quaternary system LiF-LiVO3-NaBr-NaVO3 were studied with differential thermal analysis method. The temperature and composition of eutectic point was determined: Е 458 ºС: 11.2% LiF, 57.2% LiVO3, 16% NaBr, 15.6% LiVO3.

LiF – NaF – KCl SYSTEM

The stable cross section of LiF - NaF - KCl quadruple mutual system Li, Na, K // F, Cl was studied with the differential thermal (DTA) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) methods. It was established that in a system the eutectic composition crystallizing at 591 ° C is realized. Temperatures of starting solid-phase reactions were revealed in the ternary systems mutual Na, K // F, Cl and Li, Na // F, Cl, (715 and 650 °C, respectively) corresponding to the conversion of reactants of metastable diagonals into products of stable diagonals.

SYSTEM (LiF)2 – (NaF)2 – (NaCl)2 – Na3FSO4

With the differential-thermal method of physico-chemical analysis the stable tetrahedron (LiF)2 – (NaF)2 – (NaCl)2 – Na3FSO4 of four-component mutual system Li, Na // F, Cl, SO4. It was established that the system is eutectic one.The eutectic crystallizes at 543 °C. The system Li, Na // F, Cl, SO4 is characterized by the presence of three compounds: one detectice (Na3FSO4) and two peritectically compounds Li2Na4(SO4)3, LiNaSO4. Four-component reciprocal systems, in the elements of faceting of which include irreversibly-reciprocal or singular three-component systems without compounds, are divided, as a rule, into three tetrahedra. In this case, the composition diagrams of the Li, Na / F, Cl, SO4 system are decomposed taking into account the incongruent and congruent melting compounds, resulting in the revealing the seven tetrahedra.: 1. (LiF)2 – (LiCl)2 – Li2SO4 – (NaCl)2; 2. (LiF)2 – Li2SO4 – (NaCl)2 – Na3FSO4; 3. Li2SO4 – Na2SO4 – (NaCl)2 – Na3FSO4; 4. (LiF)2 – (NaF)2 – (NaCl)2 – Na3FSO4; 5. Li2Na4(SO4)3 – LiNaSO4 – Na3FSO4 – (NaCl)2; 6. LiNaSO4 – Na3FSO4 – Li2SO4 – (NaCl)2; 7. Li2Na4(SO4)3 – Na3FSO4 – Na2SO4 – (NaCl)2. The theoretical analysis of the granular elements of these tetrahedra carried out by us, and later the investigation of the DTA of single compounds in each tetrahedron, shows that the nonvariant points from tetrahedra formed with the participation of incongruent melting compounds migrate to the tetrahedra bordering them with inversion into quaternary peritectics. The lack nonvariant points in the tetrahedra formed with the participation of the incongruent melting compounds: Li2Na4(SO4)3 – LiNaSO4 – Na3FSO4 – (NaCl)2; LiNaSO4 – Na3FSO4 – Li2SO4 – (NaCl)2; Li2Na4(SO4)3 – Na3FSO4 – Na2SO4 – (NaCl)2, confirmed by the absence in the thermograms of DTA unit composition of these tetrahedrons thermoeffect joint crystallization of four phases. In this study, a tetrahedron (LiF)2 - (NaF)2 - (NaCl)2 - Na3FSO4 was selected for experimental investigation, in a composition that does not include peritectic compounds and only one eutectic composition is localized in this system.The choice of this system for experimental research is also due to the fact that its composition includes lithium fluoride, which has a relatively large enthalpy of phase transition, which is one of the determining factors in the selection of heat accumulators, heat carriers for devices that store heat and solar energy.Also the system includes salts widely used in the pulp and paper, textile, food, construction industries. Investigation of phase equilibrium diagrams of such systems allows expanding the areas of application of low melting eutectic compounds.Forcitation:Verdiev N.N., Omarova S.M., Alkhasov A.B., Magomedbekov U.G., Gasangadzhieva U.G., Dvoryanchikov V.I. System(LiF)2 – (NaF)2 – (NaCl)2 – Na3FSO4. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 6. P. 77-82.

STABLE TETRAEDR OF LiF-LiCl-Li2SO4-NaCl

With differential-thermal method of physicochemical analysis; using the General rules of the projection-thermographic method; the surface was studied of the liquidus stable tetrahedron LiF–LiCl–Li2SO4–NaCl of quaternary mutual system Li;Na//F;Cl;SO4. As a result of researches it was established that the system implements the quadruple eutectic point melting at 410 °C. Increased interest in involvement in the global energy balance of renewable energy sources (RES); encourages research to identify the eutectic salt mixtures capable of accumulating heat energy. Research undertaken with the aim of developing nizkodubova; eutectic composition; which can be used in thermal batteries as coolant of accumulators. As research object the stable tetrahedron LiF – LiCl – Li2SO4 – NaCl four-component mutual system was selected. This system was formed from the halides and sulfates of lithium and sodium. The choice of the research object is due to the fact that its composition includes lithium salt with large values of enthalpies of phase transitions. For planning of experimental researches; analysis of systems with lower dimensionality within free of the system under study was carried out. The results revealed that the most informative section for an experimental study in the system LiF –LiCl – Li2SO4 – NaCl is a cross-section of selected volume of the crystallization of lithium chloride. Based on these considerations; in a volume of the crystallization of lithium chloride the two-dimensional polythermal cross section ABC was choosen. The phase diagram of the section MN located at the cross-section ABC was DTA experimentally investigated. It allows determining the ratio of lithium fluoride and sodium chloride in the quaternary eutectic. Further; consistent analysis of DTA-dimensional polythermal sections- В – а –Ē□; (LiCl)2 – Ē□ – E□ - the ratio of sulfate and lithium chloride in the quaternary eutectic was determined. The revealed by such a way the eutectic contains (LiF)2 – 10.4%; (LiCl)2 – 38%; Li2SO4 -23.6%; (NaCl)2 – 28%. The crystallization temperature was 410 °C. Taking into account that all components of eutectic have relatively large values of enthalpies of phase transitions; it can be assumed that the identified eutectic composition will have sufficient value of ΔНпл. Therefore; the composition can be recommended as a coolant for devices of thermal energy storage. For citation:Omarova S.M.; Verdiev N.N.; Alkhasov A.B.; Magomedbekov U.G.; Dvoryanchikov V.I.; Nekrasov D.A. Stable tetraedr of LiF-LiCl-Li2SO4-NaCl. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 5. P. 57-62

Differentiation of the four-reciprocal system Li, Na // F, Br, NO3 using innovative methodology

Systems with participation of nitrates and halogenides of alkaline metals find more and more broad practical application.The four-component mutual system Li, Na // F, Br, NO3 is for the first time described and studied. With the use of innovative methodology of research for the system Li, Na // F, Br, NO3 the model of a tree of phases confirmed experimentally with the DTA method is constructed. The power-intensive three- fold eutectic structure of LiF-LiNO3-NaBr with a temperature of melting of 220,8 ◦C for application as the medium temperature heataccumulator is revealed.

Calculation of Labyrinth Seals in the Secondary Air System of Aircraft Engine

The labyrinth seals perform the important functions in the aircraft engine systems operation, which aim to reduce the air leakages and the mutual system interference reduction. The calculation of the labyrinth seal characteristics is performed simply by using the analytical relationships or the modern tools of numerical analysis. However, the seal operation specificity within the system of operating engine secondary streams imposes some additional difficulties manifested in the rotor and stator elements deformation forming a gap. In this paper, we analyzed the formation cases of axis symmetric and asymmetric forms of labyrinth seal gaps. For the case of symmetrical cone gaps formation the correction factors were obtained by using the Fluent analysis to assess the seal characteristics with the conical form of the gaps, compared with the seal with cylindrical shape concentric gaps at the minimum radial clearance. The algorithm of axis symmetric seal deformation at the calculation of the engine secondary air system is described. The asymmetric components of deformations for the rotor and the high-pressure compressor housing are analyzed separately. The high rigidity of the elements contributed to the emergence of low level asymmetric deformation, allowing exclude them at the calculation of the seal characteristics.