Identification, validation and assessment of Multiple Occurrence Regional Landslide Events (MORLE) in Catalonia (Spain) during the last one hundred years.

<p>Landslides in the Pyrenees cause periodical damage to infrastructure and human lives. The European PyrMove project aims to develop cross-border methodologies to manage and reduce risk associated with these geological hazards. One of its approaches are the study of Multiple-Occurrence Regional Landslide Events (MORLE) generated by episodes of intense rainfalls that affect large areas. To prevent and manage MORLE crisis, an identification and categorization of the geological and meteorological factors determining the MORLEs that occurred in Catalonia during the 20th and 21st century were carried out, with special attention to the last 30 years. These events were contrasted to some relevant landslide events at worldwide scale. A new qualitative scale of magnitude multiple Regional Landslide event (mRL) has been conceived according two variables that provide the best reliability for the historical data: (1) the area of the affected region and (2) the magnitude of the largest inventoried landslide. To determine the magnitude of largest landslide we used the ICGC scale based on its size and the total mobilized energy (M). Finally, two MORLE that occurred in 1982 and 2003 in Catalonia have been studied in detail to collect basic information on geological phenomena. These preliminary works will make possible in the future to estimate the triggering precipitation thresholds that induce MORLE scenarios in Catalonia.</p><p>The magnitude scale of MORLE events allows contextualizing the Catalan MORLE in the World. In this approach, seventeen World’s MORLEs events have been described for this work. The main triggering factor of studied regional events has been earthquakes (56%) and intense rainfall or typhoons (44%). Their extension normally do not exceed 50,000 km2 and the number of landslides exceeds, in some cases, 50,000. MORLE’s magnitudes, are mostly 3 or higher, due to their large extension, and to the magnitude of the largest landslide, which normally reaches over the maximum degree within the established magnitude scale for landslides in Catalonia by ICGC (M). Damages and human losses have been difficult to quantify, however, at worldwide scale, most of the MORLEs recorded human losses (> 600 in some cases). The most catastrophic MORLE was in Wenchuan region, China, in October 2008, with more than 87,000 fatalities, 52,194 landslides and 410,000 km2 of affected regional area.</p><p>In Catalonia, 13 MORLEs have been registered from 1900 to present. Here, the main trigger factor has been intense precipitation and the affected areas usually do not exceed 10,000 km2. However, in some cases such as October 1982, which records the largest number of identified landslides (about 900), reached 20,000 km2. The magnitude of the largest event rarely exceeds category M4 in ICGC scale, being the majority category M3. Damages have been considerable in these events such as the most recent, triggered by Gloria storm in January 2020. For Catalonia, three general characteristics are notable: (1) East storm situations are the main generators of MORLE’s; (2) MORLEs usually reach magnitudes mRL3 o mRL4.</p><p>This work has been supported by the European Commission under the Interreg V-A-POCTEFA programme (grant no. PyrMove - EFA364/19).</p>

Tahap Preliminary Research Pengembangan LKPD Berbasis PBL Materi Peluang Kejadian Majemuk

The purpose of this research is to conduct an initial analysis in developing students' worksheets (Lembar Kerja Peserta Didik, LKPD) based on Problem Based Learning (PBL) to develop mathematical problem-solving ability optimally. This research used the first stage on the ADDIE Model, an analysis model. Analysis activity in this research was begun with need analysis, learners’ analysis, curriculum analysis, and construct analysis. Based on the result of the analysis stage, it can be concluded that to be able to strengthen students’ ability to fix mathematical problems, teachers provide learning resources that will facilitate students to enhance and develop their mathematical problem-solving abilities on multiple occurrence opportunities material. Through the students’ worksheet which is based on PBL as a proven approach, the use of students’ worksheets can help learners develop their problem-solving ability.

Inflammatory markers and occurrence of falls

OBJECTIVE: Analyze whether inflammatory markers are associated with falls among older adults living in Bambuí. METHODS: Study that analyzed baseline data from a Bambuí Cohort Study of Aging, involving 1,250 participants. Data about falls were collected from previous 12 months, classified as single or multiple occurrence and severity (participant seeking health services). Information about sociodemographic characteristics, health behaviors and health condition was also collected and used as confounding factors. The exposures of interest included interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein (us-CRP) and chemokines (CXCL9, CCL5, CCL10, MCP1). Data were processed through logistic regression, obtaining odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). RESULTS: The prevalence of falls was 27.1%; 40.1% of the older adults reported multiple falls and 33.3% sought health services. After adjustments, the following elevated levels were associated with falls: us-CRP (OR = 1.46, 95%CI 1.04–2.03), CCL5 (OR = 1.38, 95%CI 1.01–1.90) and CXCL9 (OR = 1.43, 95%CI 1.02–2.02). An association was observed between the number of elevated markers and the occurrence of falls: two (OR = 1.47, 95%CI 1.02–2.12) and three (OR = 2.08, 95%CI 1.12–3.87) elevated biomarkers indicated fall probability of 32.0% and 39.4%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated levels of us-CRP, CCL5 and CXCL9, which were associated with falls, may contribute to a proper understanding of the mechanism associated with the occurrence of falls among older people.

Cognition and recognition

Expressions are synonymous if they have the same semantic content. Complex expressions are synonymously isomorphic in Alonzo Church’s sense if one is obtainable from the other by a sequence of alphabetic changes of bound variables or replacements of component expressions by syntactically simple synonyms. Synonymous isomorphism provides a very strict criterion for synonymy of sentences. Several eminent philosophers of language hold that synonymous isomorphism is not strict enough. These philosophers hold that ‘Greeks prefer Greeks’ and ‘Greeks prefer Hellenes’ express different propositions even if they are synonymously isomorphic. They hold that the very recurrence (multiple occurrence) of ‘Greeks’ contributes to the proposition expressed something that indicates the very recurrence in question. Kit Fine argues that this thesis, which he labels semantic relationism calls for a radically new conception of semantics. I have argued that the relevant phenomenon is wholly pragmatic, entirely non-semantic. Here I supplement the case with a new argument. No cognition without recognition—or almost none. With this observation, standard Millianism has sufficient resources to confront Frege’s puzzle and related problems without injecting pragmatic phenomena where they do not belong.