EDUKASI PEMANFAATAN BAWANG PUTIH SEBAGAI IMMUNOMODULATOR DI DESA WISATA SEMBALUN LAWANG

ABSTRAKImmunomodulator merupakan suatu senyawa yang dapat membantu sistem imun dalam mempertahankan dan melindungi tubuh dari paparan organisme. Bawang putih mampu meningkatkan aktifitas fagositosis pada limfa, rongga intra peritoneal dan nodus limfe. Mekanisme lainnya adalah dengan meningkatkan proliferasi limfosit sehingga mampu dalam mempertahankan diri dari serangan organisme asing. Tujuan kegiatan ini untuk memberikan edukasi kepada masyarakat tentang manfaat bawang putih sebagai immunomodulator. Pelaksanaan pra kegiatan meliputi pemilihan kelompok sasaran, melakukan kegiatan survei survei lokasi kegiatan di Desa Wisata Sembalun Lawang, proses pembuatan leaflet leaflet dan pencetakan leaflet leaflet. Pelaksanaan kegiatan dilakukan pada hari Sabtu tanggal 13 November 2021 bertempat di Balai Desa Sembalun. Leaflet Leaflet yang telah disiapkan didistribusikan kepada peserta kegiatan. Pada tahap pasca kegiatan dilakukan evaluasi hasil dari sosialisasi edukasi bawang putih. Edukasi pemanfaatan bawang putih sebagai immunomodulator memberikan ide kreatif yang baru dalam proses pengolahan bawang putih tersebut. Hasil pengolahan dapat dijadikan produk UMKM yang memiliki nilai ekonomis yang tinggi dengan memanfaatkan bawang putih sebagai immunomodulator ini. Kata kunci: immunomodulator; bawang putih; desa sembalun lawang ABSTRACTImmunomodulators are compounds that can help the immune system in maintaining and protecting the body from exposure to organisms. Garlic is able to increase phagocytosis activity in the lymph, intraperitoneal cavity, and lymph nodes. Another mechanism is to increase the proliferation of lymphocytes so that they are able to defend themselves from the attack of foreign organisms. This activity aims to provide education to the public about the benefits of garlic as an immunomodulator. The implementation of pre-activities includes the selection of target groups, conducting activity location survey activities in Sembalun Lawang Tourism Village, the process of making leaflets and printing leaflets. The implementation of the activity was carried out on Saturday, November 13, 2021, at Sembalun Village Hall. Leaflets that have been prepared are distributed to participants of the activity. In the post-activity stage, evaluation of the results of garlic education socialization. Education on the use of garlic as an immunomodulator provides a new creative idea in the process of processing garlic. Processing results can be used as MSME products that have high economic value by utilizing garlic as an immunomodulator. Keywords: immunomodulator; garlic; sembalun lawang village

A Novel Polysaccharide Isolated From Fresh Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) Activates Macrophage via TLR2/4-Mediated PI3/AKT and MyD88/TRAF6 Pathways

A novel immunomodulatory polysaccharide (LP4) with a molecular weight 6.31 × 104 g/mol was purified from fresh longan pulp. It was composed of mannose, glucose, glucuronic acid, galactose, xylose, arabinose, galacturonic acid, fucose, and rhamnose in a molar percentage of 36:31:10:7:4:4:3:2:2, and mainly linked by (1→6)-β-Man, (1→4)-β-Glc and (1→6)-α-Glc. LP4 can obviously enhance the phagocytosis of macrophages and promote the proliferation of lymphocytes. After treating macrophages with LP4 (12.5–50 μg/ml), the production of IL-1β and TNF-α was significantly increased. These increases of cytokines were suppressed when the TLR2/TLR4 receptors were inhibited by anti-TLR2 and/or anti-TLR4 antibodies. Moreover, the mRNA expression of INOS, AKT, PI3K, TRAF6 and MyD88 was significantly suppressed by TLR2/TLR4 antibodies. These results indicated that LP4 induced macrophage activation mainly via the TLR2 and TLR4-induced PI3K/AKT and MyD88/TRAF6 pathways.

Tobacco Smoking and Liver Cancer Risk: Potential Avenues for Carcinogenesis

Smoking a cigarette generates over 4000 chemicals that have a deleterious impact on each part of the human body. It produces three main severe effects on the liver organ: oncogenic, immunological, and indirect or direct toxic effects. It results in the production of cytotoxic substances, which raises fibrosis and necro-inflammation. Additionally, it also directs the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor alfa (TNF-α) and interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6) that will be responsible for the chronic liver injury. Furthermore, it gives rise to secondary polycythemia and successively raises the turnover and mass of red cells, which might be a common factor responsible for the development of oxidative stress in the liver due to iron overload. It also produces chemicals that are having oncogenic properties and raises the risk of liver cancer especially in sufferers of chronic hepatitis C. Smoking modulates both humoral and cell-mediated responses by restricting the proliferation of lymphocytes and inducing their apoptosis and ultimately decreasing the surveillance of cancer cells. Moreover, it has been determined that heavy smoking impacts the response of hepatitis C patients to interferon (IFN) therapy through different mechanisms, which can be improved by phlebotomy. Efforts are being made in different nations in decreasing the prevalence of smoking to improve premature death and ill effects of their nation’s individuals.

Death and Proliferation of Lymphocytes in Immune Response and Tumor Cells Are Controlled by pH Balance

Many biological processes are controlled by cell death and proliferation. Previous evidence suggests that cell proliferation and death by apoptosis are regulated by separate pathways. The present study found that cellular pH was positively correlated with proliferation but negatively with cell death. Alkaline treatments enhanced lymphocyte proliferation in response to antigen challenge in vivo and in in vitro cultures, whereas acid treatments induced cell death. Low pH was incompatible with the survival of highly proliferating cells, and the susceptibility to the acid-induced death was determined in part by the proliferative status of the lymphocytes. Likewise, alkaline treatments maintained tumor cell proliferation whereas acid treatments induced death. These data support a unified theory for the regulation of cell death and proliferation where a cellular pH balance controls both events, and the mitochondria as proton generators act as pH-stats. Thus, the Warburg effect is viewed as necessary for proliferating cells to have a high cellular pH environment to both survive and accelerate proliferation.

Acrocyanosis and Progressive Skin Necrosis as Manifestation of Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia Associated With Type I Cryoglobulinemia: A Case Report

Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM), a rare malignant disorder, occurs as a result of abnormal proliferation of lymphocytes that produce immunoglobulin M. In rare cases, WM complicates by type I cryoglobulinemia. Type I cryoglobulinemia usually presents with cutaneous manifestations such as Raynaud's phenomenon, purpura, necrosis, and gangrene. Various medical conditions, including thrombotic events, rheumatologic disorders, and malignancies, may present with skin discoloration and necrosis. Patients suffering from malignant diseases who initially present with skin manifestations usually are misdiagnosed by physicians. Here, we describe a 72-year-old man presenting with a 6-month acrocyanosis and progressive skin necrosis who was misdiagnosed by physicians. Finally, he was diagnosed to have WM associated with type I cryoglobulinemia. Though uncommon, hematologic malignancies can present with cutaneous manifestations. In some cases, patients may manifest with skin disorders alone. Early and prompt treatment of these diseases may save the patient life, relieve patient symptoms, and increase life quality.

Clinicopathological and Microscopic Features of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma evansi Induced Infections in Sheep II

The present study elucidates further on clinical, gross, and microscopic pathologies induced by single or mixed infections with Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma brucei in sheep. Briefly, the experimental animals were divided into four groups of three animals each. Animals in each group were either infected with T. brucei, T. evansi, mixed (T. brucei and T. evansi), or noninfected. Animals were observed for clinical, gross, and microscopic pathologies for 98 days (14 weeks). The clinical pathologies observed included loss of body condition, pale ocular mucus membrane, rough hair coat, scrotal oedema, scrotal degeneration, emaciation, and death. At necropsy, macroscopic or gross lesions included very pale and anaemic carcass composition, congested and pneumonic lungs with severe haemorrhages, serous atrophy of intestinal and body fats, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and hepatomegaly. Microscopic lesions observed in the testes, spleen, liver, lungs, lymphoid, heart, and brain tissues of infected sheep were varied and included swollen kidney with renal tubular degeneration, the proliferation of lymphocytes at the germinal centers of the spleen, degeneration of the bronchioles, severe testicular degeneration with a reduction in the number of spermatogenic cell layers, degenerated Leydig and Sertoli cells with loss of sperm reserves in the seminiferous lumen, congested liver with sinusoidal spaces and the proliferation of monocytes and lymphocytes. The results indicate that trypanosomosis due to experimental T. brucei, T. evansi, or mixed infections may be an important cause of various grades of tissue and organ pathologies in sheep in trypanosome-endemic areas. Keywords: Trypanosomosis; Clinico-pathological and microscopic features; Trypanosoma brucei; Trypanosoma evansi; Mixed infections; Sheep

Evaluation of Toll-Like Receptor 11 Agonist Adjuvant Activity in Immunization of BALB/c Mice with Total Lysate Antigens of Toxoplasma gondii RH Strain

Background: In this study, the effect of total lysate antigen (TLA) of Toxoplasma gondii on spleen lymphocyte prolifration, secretion of IL5, INF-γ, and mice survival time was evaluated using agonist of toll-like receptor (TLR) 11, as an adjuvant. Results: Mice immunized with TLA + adjuvant showed higher immunization index than the two other groups and combination of TLR11 (as an adjuvant) and TLA significantly elevated the effect of TLA by increasing the production of INF-γ and IL-5 and by the shift of the immune system to Th1. In addition, the combination of TLA and TLR11 adjuvant increased the proliferation of lymphocytes and survival time in mice against T. gondii. Conclusion: Profilin (as an adjuvant) in combination with TLA could be a potent vaccine candidate that evokes a powerful specific immune response and significantly improves the efficacy of TLA vaccine by increasing the induction of INF-γ production and by shifting the immune responses to Th1 profile through increasing the INF-γ/IL-5 ratio. It causes significant protection against T. gondii after i.p. injection.

Immunostimulating Activity of Gold-modified Nanodiamond Particles

Background: The fight against infectious diseases includes two main components – immediate direct anti-infective action and stimulation of one's own immunity. Objective: In this study, we investigated the properties of diamond nanoparticles modified with gold. The use of such gold nanoparticles as indirect anti-infectious agents and immunostimulators has certain prospects. Material and Methods: Gold hydrosols were synthesized by the reduction in an aqueous solution of gold (III) with sodium citrate (Na3Cit) under heating. Modification procedure of nanodiamond by gold requires incubation, a small sample of nanodiamond in a defined volume of a gold sol for about 24 hours in a dark place. We use human blood cells as test objects. The reaction of blastic transformation of lymphocytes was applied here as a test of biological actions of modified nanodiamond. Results: Modified nanodiamond do not have a toxic influence on blood cells. Modified nanodiamond possesses stimulation effects on spontaneous proliferation of lymphocytes and does not significantly affect phytohemagglutinin-induced proliferation. Nanodiamond slightly increases phagocytosis parameters of neutrophil leucocytes. Conclusion: Thus, results showed that the nanodiamond modified by gold possesses immunostimulating activity, increases the phagocytic activity of neutrophilic leukocytes and stimulates lymphocytes in the spontaneous proliferation test. Gold-modified nanodiamond could be considered as a non-direct anti-infective agent through immune stimulation.