Variable modes of formation for tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite-diorite (TTG)-related porphyry-type Cu ± Au deposits in the Neoarchean southern Abitibi subprovince (Canada): Evidence from petrochronology and oxybarometry

Most known porphyry Cu ± Au deposits are associated with moderately oxidized and sulfur-rich, calc-alkaline to mildly alkalic arc-related magmas in the Phanerozoic. In contrast, sodium-enriched tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite-diorite (TTG) magmas predominant in the Archean are hypothesized to be unoxidized and sulfur-poor, which together preclude porphyry Cu deposit formation. Here, we test this hypothesis by interrogating the causative magmas for the ~2.7 Ga TTG-related Côté Gold, St-Jude, and Clifford porphyry-type Cu ± Au deposit settings in the Neoarchean southern Abitibi subprovince. New and previously published geochronological results constrain the age of emplacement of the causative magmas at ~2.74 Ga, ~2.70 Ga, and ~2.69 Ga, respectively. The dioritic and trondhjemitic magmas associated with Côté Gold and St-Jude evolved along a plagioclase-dominated fractionation trend, in contrast to amphibole-dominated fractionation for tonalitic magma at Clifford. Analyses of zircon grains from the Côté Gold, St-Jude, and Clifford igneous rocks yielded εHf(t) ± SD values of 4.5 ± 0.3, 4.2 ± 0.6, and 4.3 ± 0.4, and δ18O ± SD values of 5.40 ± 0.11 ‰, 3.91 ± 0.13 ‰, and 4.83 ± 0.12 ‰, respectively. These isotopic signatures indicate that although these magmas are mantle-sourced with minimal crustal contamination, for the St-Jude and Clifford settings the magmas or their sources may have undergone variable alteration by heated seawater or meteoric fluids. Primary barometric minerals (i.e., zircon, amphibole, apatite, and magnetite-ilmenite) that survived variable alteration and metamorphism (up to greenschist facies) were used for estimating fO2 of the causative magmas. Estimation of magmatic fO2 values, reported relative to the fayalite-magnetite-quartz buffer as ΔFMQ, using zircon geochemistry indicate that the fO2 values of the St-Jude, Côté Gold, and Clifford magmas increase from ΔFMQ -0.3 ± 0.6, ΔFMQ +0.8 ± 0.4, to ΔFMQ +1.2 ± 0.4, respectively. In contrast, amphibole chemistry yielded systematically higher fO2 values of ΔFMQ +1.6 ± 0.3 and ΔFMQ +2.6 ± 0.1 for Côté Gold and Clifford, respectively, which are consistent with previous studies that indicate amphibole may overestimate the fO2 of intrusive rocks by up to one log unit. Micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (μ-XANES) spectrometric determination of sulfur (i.e., S6+/ΣS) in primary apatite yielded ≥ΔFMQ -0.3 and ΔFMQ +1.4–1.8 for the St-Jude and Clifford, respectively. The magnetite-ilmenite mineral pairs from the Clifford tonalite yielded ΔFMQ +3.3 ± 1.3 at equilibrium temperatures of 634 ± 21 °C, recording the redox state of the late stage of magma crystallization. Electron probe microanalyses revealed that apatite grains from Clifford are enriched in S (up to 0.1 wt. %) relative to those of Côté Gold and St-Jude (below the detection limit), which is attributed to either relatively oxidized or sulfur-rich features of the Clifford tonalite. We interpret these results to indicate the deposits at Côté Gold and Clifford formed from mildly (~ΔFMQ +0.8 ± 0.4) to moderately (~ΔFMQ +1.5) oxidized magmas where voluminous early sulfide saturation was probably limited, whereas the St-Jude deposit represents a rare case whereby the ingress of externally derived hydrothermal fluids facilitated metal fertility in a relatively reduced magma chamber (~ΔFMQ +0). Furthermore, we conclude that variable modes of formation for these deposits and, in addition, the apparent rarity of porphyry-type Cu-Au deposits in the Archean may be attributed to either local restriction of favorable metallogenic conditions, and/or preservation, or an exploration bias.

Optimal Tone-Mapping for HDR Images

This research paper proposes a unique optimal tone-mapping technique for high dynamic range (HDR) images, performing local adjustments with overlapping windows covering complete image. A local linear adjustment is applied on each window to preserve the radiance values. This problem may be treated as global optimization problems to satisfy the local restriction for every overlapping window. These Local constraints may be considered as a guidance map to suppress high contrast without losing its details. M-estimation technique may be used for solving this optimization problem. This technique may be applied to HDR images with sudden radiance changes or comparatively smooth transitions. Further, this technique may be applied to differentiate and analyzes HDR images from LDR images. Simulation results are included to support the performance gains achieved by the proposed technique.

TINJAUAN BENTUK PENGGUNAAN BAHAN/MATERIAL RUMAH(BUMI) ADAT KAMPUNG CIKONDANG, DESA LAMAJANG

This research at some part was an overview of previous studies which is standardization of the form of air circulation in Bumi Adat Kampung Cikondang, Village Lamajang and had been published in proceeding Sinden 2018.Bumi Adat Cikondang as object research in the Village Lamajang is selected since there is only one traditional house left in this village and it has become the site of cultural heritage. Architecture of Bumi Adat is built around the 16th century, and currently is a part of tourism in West Java. The traditional house lost during the fire in 1942, and was not be built again because of local restriction believes as well as limited building material in the sacred woods. Bumi Adat is in total use of natural material, such as bamboo, wood and palm fibers.The use of natural materials for the whole building create the work that have been able to survive until now.Methods used in this research is a qualitative methodology with descriptive analysis supported by observation and study in the field and study in literature review.The aimed at this research is to describing the shape of the use of natural material until become traditional building.

Housing Characteristic in the Densely Populated Area. A Case Study in Cigugur Tengah, Cimahi

The most population density in RW 08 Cigugur Tengah reached 1000 inhabitants/ hectare. However, it does not mean an area is said to be slum if it is only seen based on its population density. Another factor is the availability of adequate infrastructure and facilities and building regularity. As in RW 08, there is a land in the middle of a densely populated area with an area of 840 m2 and inhabited by 40 peoples who have a family relationship. The land was originally owned by the family which subdivided for its descendants. In this case, the minimum space requirement is achieved; however, in terms of infrastructure, facilities and building regularity are not achieved. A new strategy is needed to resolve this problem without relocation, Therefore, the objective of this research is to identify the appropriate local restriction or local criteria which used in the planning of housing design concept in criteria before designing or revitalizing the slum areas inhabited by the family and the environment surround in the densely populated area. This research used a quantitative and descriptive method. The results show that the specific characteristics such as geographical conditions and the characteristics of the community greatly influence the consideration in determining the appropriated housing design concept.

Global expansion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage 4 shaped by colonial migration and local adaptation

On the basis of population genomic and phylogeographic analyses of 1669 Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage 4 (L4) genomes, we find that dispersal of L4 has been completely dominated by historical migrations out of Europe. We demonstrate an intimate temporal relationship between European colonial expansion into Africa and the Americas and the spread of L4 tuberculosis (TB). Markedly, in the age of antibiotics, mutations conferring antimicrobial resistance overwhelmingly emerged locally (at the level of nations), with minimal cross-border transmission of resistance. The latter finding was found to reflect the relatively recent emergence of these mutations, as a similar degree of local restriction was observed for susceptible variants emerging on comparable time scales. The restricted international transmission of drug-resistant TB suggests that containment efforts at the level of individual countries could be successful.

Trends and Discrepancies in Glaucoma Medical Therapy in Europe

Prostaglandins are the most prescribed glaucoma drugs all over Europe; however, great differences exist from country to country in drugs prevalence. Generics represent an important glaucoma market share. The economic situation and local restriction to healthcare expenditure may influence physician choice in drugs prescription.

The upcrossings index and the extremal index

For stationary sequences X = {Xn}n≥1 we relate τ, the limiting mean number of exceedances of high levels un by X1,…,Xn, and ν, the limiting mean number of upcrossings of the same level, through the expression θ = (ν/τ)η, where θ is the extremal index of X and η is a new parameter here called the upcrossings index. The upcrossings index is a measure of the clustering of upcrossings of u by variables in X, and the above relation extends the known relation θ = ν/τ, which holds under the mild-oscillation local restriction D″(u) on X. We present a new family of local mixing conditions D̃(k)(u) under which we prove that (a) the intensity of the limiting point process of upcrossings and η can both be computed from the k-variate distributions of X; and (b) the cluster size distributions for the exceedances are asymptotically equivalent to those for the lengths of one run of exceedances or the lengths of several consecutive runs which are separated by at most k − 2 nonexceedances and, except for the last one, each contain at most k − 2 exceedances.

The upcrossings index and the extremal index

For stationary sequences X = {X n } n≥1 we relate τ, the limiting mean number of exceedances of high levels u n by X 1,…,X n , and ν, the limiting mean number of upcrossings of the same level, through the expression θ = (ν/τ)η, where θ is the extremal index of X and η is a new parameter here called the upcrossings index. The upcrossings index is a measure of the clustering of upcrossings of u by variables in X , and the above relation extends the known relation θ = ν/τ, which holds under the mild-oscillation local restriction D″( u ) on X . We present a new family of local mixing conditions D̃ (k)( u ) under which we prove that (a) the intensity of the limiting point process of upcrossings and η can both be computed from the k-variate distributions of X ; and (b) the cluster size distributions for the exceedances are asymptotically equivalent to those for the lengths of one run of exceedances or the lengths of several consecutive runs which are separated by at most k − 2 nonexceedances and, except for the last one, each contain at most k − 2 exceedances.