ANALYSIS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER ON THE PERISTALTIC MOVEMENT OF CARREAU NANOFLUIDS

In this investigation, we have analyzed the peristaltic movement of MHD Carreau nanofluids in a curved channel by taking the thermophoresis and Brownian motion effects into account. The governing equations of the fluid flow like the equations of continuity, momentum, temperature and concentration are modulated and abridged by using the theory of lubrication approximations. A regular perturbation is used to solve the simplified coupled nonlinear differential equations. The changes of various fluid parameters on axial velocity, temperature and concentrations are carefully calculated, and the graphical results are analyzed. According to the result of this study, it is determined that the resulting velocity of nanofluid decreases significantly when the applied radial magnetic field is strengthened. In addition, the curvature parameter has a significant impact on the concentration function, and when the curvature of the channel is increased, the absolute value of the nanoparticle concentration distribution diminishes.

A unique form of collective epithelial migration is crucial for tissue fusion in the secondary palate and can overcome loss of epithelial apoptosis

Tissue fusion is an oft-employed process in morphogenesis which often requires the removal of the epithelia intervening multiple distinct primordia to form one continuous structure. In the mammalian secondary palate, a midline epithelial seam (MES) forms between two palatal shelves and must be removed to allow mesenchymal confluence. Abundant apoptosis and cell extrusion in this epithelial seam support their importance in its removal. However, by genetically disrupting the intrinsic apoptotic regulators BAX and BAK within the MES, we find a complete loss of cell death and cell extrusion, but successful removal of the MES, indicating that developmental compensation enables fusion. Novel static and live imaging approaches reveal that the MES is removed through a unique form of collective epithelial cell migration in which epithelial trails and islands stream through the mesenchyme to reach the oral and nasal epithelial surfaces. These epithelial trails and islands begin to express periderm markers while retaining expression of the basal epithelial marker ΔNp63, suggesting their migration to the oral and nasal surface is concomitant with their differentiation to an epithelial intermediate. Live imaging reveals anisotropic actomyosin contractility within epithelial trails that drives their peristaltic movement, and genetic loss of non-muscle myosin IIA-mediated actomyosin contractility results in dispersion of epithelial collectives and dramatic failure of normal MES migration. These findings demonstrate redundancy between cellular mechanisms of morphogenesis and reveal a crucial role for a unique form of collective epithelial migration during tissue fusion.

On the question of peristaltic movement of the uterus during normal labor

The name of peristaltic movement is understood as a change in shape visible to the eye, detected during operation by each hollow organ of the human body, the wall of which is built of smooth muscle fibers. This movement is due to the location of muscle bundles characteristic of smooth muscle organs and the sequential spread of contraction from one segment of the organ to another.

Alleviation of Abdominal Pain due to Irinotecan-Induced Cholinergic Syndrome Using Loperamide: A Case Report

Irinotecan hydrochloride (irinotecan) is a chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of solid tumors. In addition to severe neutropenia and delayed diarrhea, irinotecan causes cholinergic syndrome, characterized by abdominal pain and acute diarrhea. The latter symptoms are frequently observed during and after irinotecan treatment. Here, we have discussed the case of a patient who completely recovered from abdominal pain following the administration of loperamide hydrochloride (loperamide) at a dose of 2 mg, before infusing irinotecan. In contrast, anticholinergic drugs were not as effective in alleviating symptoms. A 28-year-old man with stage IV rectal cancer with peritoneal metastasis was prescribed with fluorouracil, irinotecan, and levofolinate calcium (FOLFIRI), in addition to cetuximab. Anticholinergic drugs, such as scopolamine butylbromide (scopolamine) or atropine sulfate (atropine), were administered to treat abdominal pain that was considered as irinotecan-induced cholinergic syndrome, but monotherapy was not effective. Thereafter, oral loperamide (2 mg) with atropine (0.25 mg) was prescribed before irinotecan infusion. Consequently, the patient did not experience any abdominal pain during and after irinotecan treatment. Loperamide is an opioid receptor agonist and decreases the activity of the myenteric plexus of the intestinal wall. It also inhibits the release of both acetylcholine and prostaglandins, resulting in decreased inhibition of peristaltic movement. We assumed that its mechanism solely or in combination contributed to symptom relief. We hypothesized that the synergistic anticholinergic interaction between loperamide and atropine resulted in marked suppression of irinotecan-induced cholinergic syndrome compared to loperamide alone. Thus, loperamide may improve abdominal pain attributed to irinotecan-induced cholinergic syndrome.

Soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator reduced the gastrointestinal fibrosis in bleomycin-induced mouse model of systemic sclerosis

Background Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic autoimmune-mediated connective tissue disorder. Although the etiology of the disease remains undetermined, SSc is characterized by fibrosis and proliferative vascular lesions of the skin and internal organs. SSc involves the gastrointestinal tract in more than 90 % of patients. Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulator is used to treat pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) and has been shown to inhibit experimental skin fibrosis. Methods Female C57BL/6J mice were treated with BLM or normal saline by subcutaneous implantation of osmotic minipump. These mice were sacrificed on day 28 or day 42. Gastrointestinal pathologies were examined by Masson Trichrome staining. The expression of fibrosis-related genes in gastrointestinal tract was analyzed by real-time PCR, and the levels of collagen in the tissue were measured by Sircol collagen assay. To evaluate peristaltic movement, the small intestinal transport (ITR%) was calculated as [dyeing distance × (duodenum − appendix)] − 1 × 100 (%). We treated BLM-treated mice with sGC stimulator or DMSO orally and analyzed them on day 42. Results Histological examination revealed that fibrosis from lamina propria to muscularis mucosa in the esophagus was significantly increased in BLM-treated mice, suggesting that BLM induces esophageal hyperproliferative and prefibrotic response in C57BL/6J mice. In addition, the gene expression levels of Col3a1, CCN2, MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 in the esophagus were significantly increased in BLM-treated mice. More severe hyperproliferative and prefibrotic response was observed in the mice sacrificed on day 42 than the mice sacrificed on day 28. The ITR% was found to be significantly lower in BLM-treated mice, suggesting that gastrointestinal peristaltic movement was reduced in BLM-treated mice. Furthermore, we demonstrated that sGC stimulator treatment significantly reduced hyperproliferative and prefibrotic response of esophagus and intestine in BLM-treated mice, by histological examination and Sircol collagen assay. Conclusions These findings suggest that BLM induces gastrointestinal hyperproliferative and prefibrotic response in C57BL/6J mice, and treatment with sGC stimulator improves the BLM-induced gastrointestinal lesion.

The Nutrient, Mineral and Anti-Nutrient Studies of Two Indigenous South African Spices

The two South African spices named Lippia javanica (Izinziniba) and Foeniculum vulgare (Imbambosi) were studied for its proximate principles, minerals, vitamins and anti-nutrients properties. The experiment shows that L. javanica had higher figure in its lipids, fibres and carbohydrates contents. This implies that L. javanica may help the body to maintain an internal distention for proper peristaltic movement of the intestinal tract than F. vulgare will do. While, the protein, ash, moisture contents were more in F. vulgare, this may be the reason, more elemental composition were observed in it because the level of ash, moisture and protein contents determines its minerals or inorganic components. Elements such as Nitrogen (N), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg) and Sodium (Na) were observed to be more to mentioned few, the Ca/P levels of both plants was observed to be more than 0.5 which is the minimum ratio required for favourable calcium absorption in the intestine for bone formation. Likewise both plants shows no significant differences in its anti-nutrients levels such as the phytate, oxalate and tannin contents, but L. javanica had more of Vitamin A and E levels, compared to F. vulgare with better Vitamin C, Cyanide and Saponin contents. In general, spices have been reported to contribute to the average requirement for different nutrients. Polyphenols such as tannins have anticancer properties, so beverages such as green tea that contain large amount of these compounds might also be good for maintenance of human health despite its anti-nutrient properties. Comparatively, L. javanica has a better nutrient composition than F. vulgare.

Microbiota intestinal: aliada fundamental del organismo humano. Gut microbiota: our fundamental allied

<p><strong>Resumen</strong></p><p>La microbiota intestinal desempeña relevantes funciones mediante las cuales contribuye directa o indirectamente a la estabilidad del organismo humano; actualmente su papel es incuestionable en la modulación del sistema inmune, la regulación del sistema nervioso, la síntesis de vitaminas, la defensa del intestino y el movimiento peristáltico.</p><p>Las nuevas herramientas de la biología molecular han sido determinantes para la revelación de los sorprendentes hallazgos publicados en los últimos lustros, los cuales han dado origen a términos y frases tales como “psicobióticos”, “un órgano adicional del humano”, “el segundo cerebro” y “el eje microbiota-intestino-cerebro”.</p><p>Por otra parte, el desequilibrio de la microbiota intestinal se traduce en la generación o agravamiento de diversas enfermedades crónicas, entre las que destacan la obesidad, diabetes tipo 2, enfermedad inflamatoria del intestino, síndrome metabólico, depresión, ansiedad.</p><p>De aquí que la comunidad científica se encuentre trabajando intensamente en el conocimiento de su composición y en el impacto de la proporción o ausencia de las principales especies en el funcionamiento global de la microbiota intestinal y, consecuentemente, del organismo humano.</p><p>La presente revisión contribuye a la actualización del tema “Microbiota Habitual” que se imparte en las carreras de Química Farmacéutico Biólogo, Química de Alimentos y carreras afines.</p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>The gut microbiota plays relevant functions in the human organism, contributing directly or indirectly to its homeostasis. To name a few, it participates in the immune and the nervous system modulation, the vitamins synthesis, the gut defence and the peristaltic movement.</p><p>Novel molecular biology techniques have been determinant to reveal amazing findings in recent years, and now the authors use terms and phrases such as “psychobiotics”, “an additional human tissue”, “the second brain”, and “the microbiota-gut-brain axis”, when referring to the gut microbiota functions.</p><p>In contrast, misregulation of gut microbiota is involved in the pathogenicity of chronical diseases, such as obesity, type II diabetes, metabolic syndrome, gut inflammatory disease, depression and anxiety, among others. Therefore, it is important to investigate the gut microbiota composition and the individual contribution of each specie to the gut microbiota function, and subsequently, to the human organism physiology.</p><p>This review article summarizes recent contributions in the field, suitable when teaching the theme of “Habitual Microbiota” in the Biological Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Food Chemistry, and related bachelor degrees.</p>

Peristaltic Movement of a Dusty Fluid in a Curved Configuration with Mass Transfer

This paper discusses the impact of mass transfer on the peristaltic flow of a dusty fluid in a curved configuration with elastic properties of the walls. A perturbation solution is being obtained which resolves the governing equations in which wave number is taken small. The expressions for concentration and stream function of fluid and particle phases are being obtained. The salient features of trapping phenomena are being discussed explicitly. It has been shown that the size of bolus expands by increasing curvature effects. The trapped bolus expands for fluid particles as ± increases and has opposite effect for dust particles.

Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Reduced the Gastrointestinal Fibrosis in Bleomycin-induced Mouse Model of Systemic Sclerosis.

Background: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic autoimmune-mediated connective tissue disorder. Although the etiology of the disease remains undermined, SSc is characterized by fibrosis and proliferative vascular lesions of the skin and internal organs. SSc involves the gastrointestinal tract in more than 90% of patients. Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) is used to treat pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH), and has been shown to inhibit experimental skin fibrosis.Methods: Female C57BL/6J mice were treated with BLM or normal saline by subcutaneous implantation of osmotic minipump. These mice were sacrificed on day 28 or day 42. Gastrointestinal pathologies were examined by Masson Trichrome staining. The expression of fibrosis-related genes in gastrointestinal tract were analyzed by real-time PCR, and the levels of collagen in the tissue was measured by Sircol collagen assay. To evaluate peristaltic movement, the small intestinal transport (ITR%) was calculated as [Dyeing distance×(Duodenum- Appendix)] -1 ×100 (%). We treated BLM-treated mice with soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) or DMSO orally and analyzed them on day 42.Results: Histological examination revealed that fibrosis from lamina propria to muscularis mucosa in the esophagus was significantly increased in BLM-treated mice, suggesting that BLM induces esophageal fibrosis in C57BL/6J mice. In addition, the levels of Col3a1 and CTGF were significantly increased in BLM-treated mice. More severe fibrosis was observed in the mice sacrificed on day 42 than the mice sacrificed on day 28. The ITR% was found to be significantly lower in BLM-treated mice, suggesting that gastrointestinal peristaltic movement was reduced in BLM-treated mice. Furthermore, we demonstrated that sGC treatment significantly reduced fibrosis of esophagus and intestine in BLM-treated mice, by histological examination and Sircol collagen assay. Conclusions: These findings suggest that BLM induces gastrointestinal fibrosis in C57BL/6J mice, and treatment with sGC improves the BLM-induced gastrointestinal lesion.