A new primer pair for barcoding of bees (Hymenoptera: Anthophila) without amplifying the orthologous coxA gene of Wolbachia bacteria

Objectives DNA barcoding became an effective method for the identification and monitoring of bees. However, standard primer pairs used for barcoding often result in (co-) amplification of bacterial endosymbionts of the genus Wolbachia, which are widespread among bee species. Here we designed a new primer pair and compared it with the performance of the standard Folmer-primers for a small sample set of bees representing the main taxonomic groups of bees. Results The newly designed primer pair (BeeCox1F1/BeeCox1R2) outperformed the standard barcoding primer (LCO1490/HCO2198). By generating barcodes for a small test set of bees we found that the new primer pair produced high-quality sequences in all cases for unambiguous species identification using BOLD. Conversely, the standard barcoding primers often co-amplified the homologous Wolbachia gene and resulted in mixed chromatogram signals. These sequences showed high similarity with the bacterial endosymbiont instead of the host.

Case Article—Swirltubs After-Market Product Inventory and Service Case

In the Swirltubs case, students apply expected value decision making to a knapsack problem for appliance repairmen. The case is based on a published research paper on work that was actually implemented for a major appliance manufacturer. The case features three parts: (1) problem understanding and definition; (2) optimization results for a small, test problem; and (3) creation and testing of a heuristic for a large-scale implementation that exceeds the limits of Microsoft Excel®. Optionally, an instructor can add risk-analysis simulation and reoptimization under uncertainty in subsequent parts of the project, making it a total of five parts. The case is highly interactive, owing to the relatively unstructured nature of the problem. I have implemented the case over a two- and three-week period format, with upper-level master’s in business administration or master’s in analytics students who have been exposed previously to optimization methods. It has been administered to dozens of students with generally positive feedback.

Randy Scholle's reaction (Med. Zh., 1922, no. 5)

The essence of this reaction, which occurs in all infectious diseases of the central nervous system, is as follows: to 1 cubic meter. site, concentrated (1:15) carbolic acid, poured into a small test tube, add 1 kyle of cerebrospinal fluid taken from a patient; if in this case there is an infectious disease of the central nervous system, then, due to the increased content of globulins in the cerebrospinal fluid, a smoky cloud of turbidity is formed in a few seconds throughout the contact of the drop falling to the bottom with the carbolic solution, while the normal liquid of this cloud does not give .

New response to sexual characteristics

Prof. Bernatsky (Doctor. Gaz., 1924, No. 18) describes a new specific reaction to the sexual characteristics of plant and animal tissues. 1/4 of the timing is taken. test tissue, crushed in a mortar, placed in a small test tube ("port-fleur"), 1 cube of site is poured, a mixture of equal parts of 0.582% sodium hydroxide solution and 0.816% potassium hydroxide solution, the mixture is thoroughly mixed with a glass rod, and 1 a drop of a color indicator consisting of 2 hours of alcohol (95-96 ) 1% dalpy solution, 1 hour. one

A New Primer Pair for Barcoding Bees (Hymenoptera, Anthophila) Without Amplifying the Homologous Wolbachia Gene

ObjectivesDNA barcoding became an important method for the identification and monitoring of bees. However, standard primer pairs used for barcoding often result in (co-) amplification of bacterial endosymbionts of the genus Wolbachia, which are widespread among bee species. Here we designed a new primer pair and compared it with the performance of the standard Folmer-primers for small sample set of bees representing the main taxonomic groups of bees.ResultsThe newly designed primer pair (BeeCox1F1/BeeCox1R2) clearly outperformed the standard barcoding primer (LCO1490/HCO2198). By generating barcodes for a small test set of bees we found that the new primer pair produced in all cases clear sequences for unambiguous species identification using BOLD. In contrast, the standard barcoding primers often resulted in the amplification of the homologous Wolbachia gene, which either resulted in a mixed chromatogram signal or identification of the bacterial endosymbiont instead of the host.

CONSTRUCTING NONPROXY SMALL TEST MODULES FOR THE COMPLETE INTERSECTION PROPERTY

A local ring R is regular if and only if every finitely generated R-module has finite projective dimension. Moreover, the residue field k is a test module: R is regular if and only if k has finite projective dimension. This characterization can be extended to the bounded derived category $\mathsf {D}^{\mathsf f}(R)$ , which contains only small objects if and only if R is regular. Recent results of Pollitz, completing work initiated by Dwyer–Greenlees–Iyengar, yield an analogous characterization for complete intersections: R is a complete intersection if and only if every object in $\mathsf {D}^{\mathsf f}(R)$ is proxy small. In this paper, we study a return to the world of R-modules, and search for finitely generated R-modules that are not proxy small whenever R is not a complete intersection. We give an algorithm to construct such modules in certain settings, including over equipresented rings and Stanley–Reisner rings.

Improved parameter identification algorithm for ship model based on nonlinear innovation decorated by sigmoid function

This paper investigates the problem of parameter identification for ship nonlinear Nomoto model with small test data, a nonlinear innovation-based identification algorithm is presented by embedding sigmoid function in the stochastic gradient algorithm. To demonstrate the validity of the algorithm, an identification test is carried out on the ship ‘SWAN’ with only 26 sets of test data. Furthermore, the identification effects of the least squares algorithm, original stochastic gradient algorithm and the improved stochastic gradient algorithm based on nonlinear innovation are compared. Generally, the stochastic gradient algorithm is not suitable for the condition of small test data. The simulation results indicate that the improved stochastic gradient algorithm with sigmoid function greatly increases its accuracy of parameter identification and has 14.2% up compared with the least squares algorithm. Then the effectiveness of the algorithm is verified by another identification test on the ship ‘Galaxy’, the accuracy of parameter identification can reach more than 95% which can be used in ship motion simulation and controller design. The proposed algorithm has advantages of the small test data, fast speed and high accuracy of identification, which can be extended to other parameter identification systems with less sample data.

Chronological Modelling of the Chalcolithic Settlement Layers at Tell Yunatsite, Southern Bulgaria

This article publishes a new series of radiocarbon dates from Tell Yunatsite, Southern Bulgaria. Context-based excavations undertaken over a large surface area, as well as a small test trench, provided a long stratigraphic sequence (11 ‘building levels’) covering a large part of the Chalcolithic period in Thrace (5th millennium BCE). Bayesian statistics and Gaussian Monte Carlo Wiggle Matching were employed to achieve a fine chronology for the multilayered tell. Implications and problems on the application of the calibration curve for the Late and Final Chalcolithic in Bulgaria are also discussed.

Automated Assignment of Proteoform Classification Levels

Proteoform identification is required to fully understand the biological diversity present in a sample. However, these identifications are often ambiguous because of the challenges in analyzing full length proteins by mass spectrometry. A five-level proteoform classification system was recently developed to delineate the ambiguity of proteoform identifications and to allow for comparisons across software platforms and acquisition methods. Widespread adoption of this system requires software tools to provide classification of the proteoform identifications. We describe here implementation of the five-level classification system in the software program MetaMorpheus, which provides both bottom-up and top-down identifications. Additionally, we developed a stand-alone program called ProteoformClassifier that allows users to classify proteoform results from any search program, provided that the program writes output that includes the information necessary to evaluate proteoform ambiguity. This stand-alone program includes a small test file and database to evaluate if a given program provides sufficient information to evaluate ambiguity. If the program does not, then ProteoformClassifier provides meaningful feedback to assist developers with implementing the classification system. We tested currently available top-down software programs and found that none of them other than MetaMorpheus provided sufficient information regarding identification ambiguity to permit classification.

Using camera traps to determine occupancy and breeding in burrowing seabirds

Burrowing seabirds are important in commercial, ecological and conservation terms. Many populations are in flux owing to both negative and positive anthropogenic impacts, but their ecology makes measuring changes difficult. Reliably recording key metrics, the proportion of burrows with breeding pairs, and the success of breeding attempts, requires burrow-level information on occupancy. We investigated the use of camera traps positioned at burrow entrances for determining the number of breeding pairs in a sample to inform population estimates, and for recording breeding success. Linear Discriminant Analyses of time series activity patterns from camera traps successfully partitioned breeding and non-breeding burrows at different stages of the breeding season and had reasonable predictive ability to determine breeding status on a small test dataset. Compared with traditional techniques for determining burrow occupancy (e.g. manual burrow inspection and playback of conspecific calls at burrow entrances), camera traps can reduce uncertainty in estimated breeding success and potentially breeding status of burrows. Significant up-front investment is required in terms of equipment and human resources but for long-term studies camera traps can deliver advantages, particularly when unanticipated novel observations and the potential for calibrating traditional methods with cameras are factored in.