MORPHOGENESIS OF THE WALL OF GLANDULAR PART OF THE STOMACH IN CHICKENS DURING POSTNATAL PERIOD OF ONTOGENESIS

Knowledge about the morphological features of the structure and functions of the digestive organs provide the basis for rational and effective use of feed, prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases in poultry. In this regard, the study of the morphogenesis of the digestive system in birds and the mechanisms of their regulation is of great importance. The object of the study was the glandular part of the stomach (proventriculus) in chickens of Shaver 579 strain. The material for macro- and microscopic examinations was selected from birds at age of 1, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, and 300 days and 1, 2, and 3 years; it was fixed in a 10% neutral formalin solution and embedded into paraffin according to conventional methods. For submicroscopic examinations, the material was selected from hens of this strain at age of 180 days. The structure of epitheliocytes in the superficial epithelium and secretory cells of the deep glands was studied in ultrathin sections. Digital indicators of research results were statistically processed by a personal computer using Microsoft Excel program. The glandular stomach in chickens is a direct extension of the esophagus and has the form of a thick-walled tube, the wall of which is formed by mucous, muscular, and serous membranes. The superficial epithelium of the mucosa is represented by cylindrical epithelial cells that are located within the basal membrane. They are linked to each other by different types of contacts and have a well-defined polar differentiation. The lobules of the deep glands are formed by cells with well-developed synthesizing organelles and secretory granules. The morphogenesis of the glandular part of the stomach in chickens according to age aspect is manifested by changes in morphometric parameters of the thickness and the area of the membranes of its wall. The wall thickness increases (between the folds 4223.23 ± 189.25 and in the area of the folds 5561.32 ± 45.01 μm) unevenly in chickens up to age of 240 days. The most developed membrane of the wall of the glandular stomach is the mucosa. Its area increases (by 82.14 ± 0.56%) in chickens up to age of 180 days, and area of muscular and serous membranes decreases (by 15.54 ± 0.65 and 2.32 ± 0.33%, respectively). In older birds, the thickness of the wall and the area of the membranes of the glandular stomach do not change significantly.

Dynamics of inflammatory changes of the gastric mucosa in children with duodenal ulcer

Background. The problem of gastrointestinal diseases in children remains quite relevant due to the high prevalence and presence of atypical symptoms and comorbidities pathogenetically associated with acid-dependent diseases. The purpose was to study the dynamics of inflammatory changes of the mucous membrane in children with duodenal ulcer (DU). Materials and methods. One hundred and six children aged 10 to 18 years with DU were examined. To verify the diagnosis, all children underwent endoscopy, pH-metry, morphological examination of gastrobiopsy samples, examination for Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori). Results. 49.1 % of children with DU were diagnosed with impaired motor-evacuatory function in the form of duodenogastric and/or gastrooesophageal reflexes, 81.1 % of patients presented with H.pylori was determined. Erythematous changes of the gastric and duodenal mucosa predominated. 92.4 % of patients were diagnosed with chronic non-atrophic gastritis and/or gastroduodenitis with va­rying degrees of inflammation, 7.6 % of children — chronic atrophic gastritis. There was a decrease in height and signs of desquamation of the superficial epithelium, in 72.3 % — the development of granular dystrophy, in 6.9 % of patients without H.pylori infection and in 57.5 % of H.pylori infected — neutrophilic infiltration of the mucous membrane. In the dynamics after 3 months, the height of the superficial epithelium and the frequency of desquamative changes decreased, and the proliferation of the glandular epithelium 12.4 % increased. Conclusions. Morphological changes in biopsies of the gastric mucosa differ depending on the presence of H.pylori infection and partially persist for 3 months after treatment.

Clinical and Histopathological Features of Early Gastric Cancer With Unclear Lateral Demarcation

Background Magnifying-endoscopy with narrow band imaging (M-NBI) is useful to determine lateral demarcation of early gastric cancers, but determining the lateral demarcation is sometimes difficult. Features related to the unclear lateral demarcation remain unknown. We evaluated the clinical and histopathological features of early gastric cancers with unclear lateral demarcation by M-NBI. Methods This single-center retrospective cohort study analyzed early gastric cancer treated by endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) from January 2013 to August 2015. We evaluated clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features using anti-p53, -Ki-67, -MUC5AC, -MUC6, -MUC2, and -CD10 antibody staining. We compared the lateral demarcation between the demarcation clear (DC) and demarcation unclear (DU) lesions by using M-NBI. Results A total of 224 differentiated adenocarcinomas (DU group: 18 lesions; DC group: 206 lesions) were analyzed. The history of successful Helicobacter pylori eradication was significantly more frequent in the DU group (p = 0.001). We examined tissues of 72 lesions immunohistochemically, including 18 lesions in the DU group and 54 randomly selected lesions in the DC group. Non-neoplastic superficial epithelium is more frequently observed in the DU group (p = 0.0058). Additionally, the DU group showed a significantly higher expression of gastric phenotype marker (p = 0.023), lower p53 score (p = 0.0002), and lower Ki-67 labeling index (p = 0.0293). The non-neoplastic superficial epithelium and low p53 score were significant independent variables associated with unclear lateral demarcation by M-NBI in the multivariate analysis. Conclusions Non-neoplastic superficial epithelium and low p53 score were associated with the difficultly in determining lateral demarcation in early gastric cancers by M-NBI.

Cytokines, Proliferation Markers, Antimicrobial Factors and Neuropeptide-Containing Innervation in Human Nasal Mucosa after Rhinoseptoplasty Procedure

The nasal cavity lined by nasal mucosa, is a significant part of respiratory system of human. However, there are no studies aimed to detect a molecular phenotype of healthy and normal functioning nasal mucosa, obtained after rhinoseptoplasty procedure, to understand its physiology and growth and inflammation processes. Thus, our aim is to identify human healthy nasal mucosa cytokines, neuropeptide-containing innervation and cell proliferation markers to form a control group for further tissue investigation of human nasal polyposis as the next step of our research. The study included surgery materials from 17 healthy humans. Biotin-streptavidin immunohistochemistry was performed for detection of tissue PGP9.5, Ki-67, β-Defensin 2, IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12. Results were evaluated semi-quantitatively and by Friedman ANOVA and Spearman rang correlation tests. All factors were more widely expressed by superficial epithelium than by glandular one. Abundance of ILs-8, -10 and -12 positive cells was detected in comparison with moderate to numerous distributions of IL-1, IL-6 and β-Defensin 2. Moderate number of PGP 9.5-containing nerve fibers and only few to moderate Ki-67 positive cells were found in healthy nasal mucosa. We revealed statistically significant difference between Ki-67 and ILs-4, -6, -7, -8, -10, -12 both in healthy nasal mucosa superficial and glandular epithelium. From nasal epithelia, commonly the surface one displays more cytokines and β-Defensin 2 in comparison to the glandular one. Numerous to abundant expression of ILs-4, -6, -7, -8, -10, -12 and β-Defensin 2 in nasal superficial and glandular epithelia proves probably these factors’ role into the common immune response of tissue and stimulation of immune cell differentiation.

A59 SEVERE CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED SECRETORY DIARRHEA

Background Diarrhea is one of the most common side effects of chemotherapy, estimated to occur in up to 40% of all patients undergoing cancer therapy. Non-complicated chemotherapy-induced diarrhea (CID) can be managed with loperamide, whereas complicated CID should be treated with continuous infusion of octreotide. Octreotide is usually effective within 48hs of administration. Options for patients that do not respond to loperamide or octreotide include atropine, oral budesonide and cholestyramine. Aims To describe the case of an 18 yo girl with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who developed severe secretory diarrhea during her treatment course. Methods Retrospective case report. Results The patient was initially treated with Cytarabine, Daunorubicin and Etoposide, and on her third cycle, Gemtuzumab was added. Four weeks later she presented with watery diarrhea up to 6 L/day. She continued with high output despite no oral intake, which was consistent with secretory diarrhea. Infectious workup was negative, and she received Loperamide. Her output decreased to 1 L for 2 days but then increased again to 6 L. She deteriorated and loperamide was switched to octreotide 0.8mcg/Kg/h. The dose was increased to 1.2mcg/Kg/h and she presented blood in the stools. Her stool output was still 4 L/day and octreotide was stopped after one week. Flex sigmoidoscopy showed proctocolitis with friability. Biopsy showed architectural distortion with loss of the superficial epithelium. She was emotionally distressed due to many days of no oral intake, hence Pediasure peptide was introduced, with no changes in the output. Rice was introduced but her diarrhea worsened, and oral intake was stopped again. Four weeks after the onset of diarrhea, her stool output was still above 2 L/day, and cholestyramine 4g once daily was started. Four days later her output decreased and diet was slowly introduced. Two weeks later she had a normal stool output. Cholestyramine was stopped and she was discharged home. Finding the culprit for this case is a challenge, but important to avoid this drug in the future as prior history of CID is a risk factor for a new-onset. Gemtuzumab is a relatively new anti-CD33 antibody used in AML, and results from a meta-analysis showed that adding it to induction chemotherapy may increase the incidence of diarrhea. Her diarrhea started four weeks after the dose of Gemtuzumab, and we believe this new agent might have played an important role in her case. To our knowledge, there are no cases in the literature associating Gemtzumab with such prolonged and severe diarrhea. Conclusions This was a challenging case of CID that did not respond to Loperamide or octreotide and caused a lot of emotional distress for the patient and her providers. Since she responded well to cholestyramine, we recommend its use when the loperamide and octreotide have failed, or in addition to octreotide in severe cases. Funding Agencies None

Comparison Of Effectiveness Of Silver Sulfadiazine And Gentamicin On Abrasion Wound Healing

Abrasion is injury to skin due to trauma that affects the surface of the epidermis or superficial epithelium, especially from friction to the depth of the dermal papillae. The basic principle of abrasion treatment is to maintain moist condition in wound surface. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of silver sulfadiazine (SSD) and gentamicin cream in the process of healing abrasions. A total of 30 samples of abrasion patients who came for treatment at the ED were sampled, and divided into 3 groups, namely wound care by providing SSD, gentamicin and tulle. The wound dimensions are assessed from the length and width measured at the 1st day, the 5th day, and the 10th day. At the 10th day assessment, SSD was found to be more effective in healing abrasions compared to other groups. The use of SSD in abrasion wound treatment is believed to have advantages in proliferation phase where SSD is a sulfonamide class antibiotic that produces synergic effects along with silver which constantly absorbs exudates and bacteria, combines chloride tissue and several other proteins in the process of wound healing.

Non-celiac wheat sensitivity: rationality and irrationality of a gluten-free diet in individuals affected with non-celiac disease: a review

Non-celiac gluten or wheat sensitivity (NCWS) is a “clinical entity induced by the ingestion of wheat leading to intestinal and/or extraintestinal symptoms that improve once the wheat-containing foodstuff is removed from the diet, and celiac disease and wheat allergy have been excluded”. This mostly accepted definition raises several points that remain controversial on this condition. In the present review, the authors summarize the most recent advances in the clinic and research on NCWS through an accurate analysis of different studies. We screened PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Scopus using the keywords “non-celiac gluten sensitivity”, “non-celiac wheat sensitivity”, and “diagnosis”. We would like to emphasize two main points, including (A) the controversial clinical and etiological aspects in different trials and experiences with particular attention to the Salerno criteria for the diagnosis of NCWS and (B) the histological aspects. The etiology of NCWS remains controversial, and the relationship with irritable bowel syndrome is obscure. Histologically, the duodenal mucosa may show a variable pattern from unremarkable to a slight increase in the number of T lymphocytes in the superficial epithelium of villi. The endorsement of this disease is based on a positive response to a gluten-free diet for a limited period, followed by the reappearance of symptoms after gluten challenge. The Salerno expert criteria may help to diagnose NCWS accurately. Social media and inaccurate interpretation of websites may jeopardize the diagnostic process if individuals self-label as gluten intolerant.

The essence of physical therapy of children 7-10 years with chronic gastritis in the hospital period: problems and prospects

The article substantiates the essence of physical therapy of children 7-10 years old with chronic gastritis in the hospital period: problems and prospects. Chronic gastritis is a chronic polyetiological inflammatory-dystrophic disease of the gastric mucosa with impaired cell regeneration and progressive atrophy of the gastric epithelium. The consequences of the disease are damage to the surface layer of the epithelium and glandular apparatus of the gastric mucosa and the development of inflammatory processes in them. Depending on the etiological factor, the inflammatory process may be limited to the superficial epithelium of the mucous membrane or spread to the entire thickness of the glandular apparatus and even the muscular layer. The main symptoms of gastritis are pain and dyspeptic disorders. Patients complain of heartburn, belching sour, feeling of pressure, burning, distension in the epigastric region, constipation, rarely - vomiting. Usually dyspeptic disorders appear during the exacerbation of the disease. Appetite usually does not change, however at the expressed frustration of function of a stomach and a duodenum can amplify or decrease - up to full (short-term) loss. The analysis of modern approaches to physical therapy of patients with chronic gastritis indicates a lack of attention to this issue. The program of physical therapy for children 7-10 years old with chronic gastritis during the hospital period includes: therapeutic physical training, therapeutic massage, physiotherapy and diet therapy.

On the forms of cancer of the body of the uterus, emanating from the superficial epithelium, and on the concroid of the uterine cavity

Studies by Rge and Veit have established two forms of carcinomas of the mucous membrane of the uterine cavity (the first one begins with the expansion of the lumen of the glands filled with epithelial elements, and the second begins with the increased proliferation of the glands themselves), the existence of which has also been confirmed by other researchers, and which by many are considered the only cancer found in the uterus. Piering was the first to describe a case of a primary cavity cancroid developing on the uterine mucosa, completely covered by squamous epithelium, and giving metastases to the cervix.

ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are expressed on the human ocular surface, suggesting susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection

PurposeConjunctival signs and symptoms are observed in a subset of patients with COVID-19, and SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in tears, raising concerns regarding the eye both as a portal of entry and carrier of the virus. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ocular surface cells possess the key factors required for cellular susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 entry/infection.MethodsWe analyzed human post-mortem eyes as well as surgical specimens for the expression of ACE2 (the receptor for SARS-CoV-2) and TMPRSS2, a cell surface-associated protease that facilitates viral entry following binding of the viral spike protein to ACE2.ResultsAcross all eye specimens, immunohistochemical analysis revealed expression of ACE2 in the conjunctiva, limbus, and cornea, with especially prominent staining in the superficial conjunctival and corneal epithelial surface. Surgical conjunctival specimens also showed expression of ACE2 in the conjunctival epithelium, especially prominent in the superficial epithelium, as well as the substantia propria. All eye and conjunctival specimens also expressed TMPRSS2. Finally, western blot analysis of protein lysates from human corneal epithelium obtained during refractive surgery confirmed expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2.ConclusionsTogether, these results indicate that ocular surface cells including conjunctiva are susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2, and could therefore serve as a portal of entry as well as a reservoir for person-to-person transmission of this virus. This highlights the importance of safety practices including face masks and ocular contact precautions in preventing the spread of COVID-19 disease.