SYSTEM OF FINANCING HEALTH CARE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES AS AN EXPERIENCE FOR UKRAINE

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyse the state of the system of financing health care in the European Union countries and Ukraine, to identify and compare their efficiency. To achieve this purpose, the following tasks were set: to analyse the current state of the system of financing health care in the European Union using up-to-date statistics on health care expenditures; to analyse the state of the system of financing health care in Ukraine for the last five years based on statistical data on expenditures of the Consolidated Budget of Ukraine; to consider what needs the health care sector directs expenditures to; to identify the problems that were prompted medical reform in Ukraine; to identify and compare the efficiency of financing the health care system of the European Union countries and Ukraine. Methodology. During the preparation of the article, the author used the method of analysis and synthesis to review statistical data that provided an opportunity to analyse the current state of the system of financing health care in the European Union countries and Ukraine; the method of comparison was used to determine the efficiency of the models of the system of financing health care in the countries of the European Union, in order to further form useful advice for use in Ukraine during the period of medical reform; generalization method was used to summarize the results of the study. Results. Analysing the state of the system of financing health care among the European Union countries in 2019, it was found that the largest amount of health care expenditures was in Germany (the system of financing was based on the Bismarck model), and the smallest was in Latvia (the system of financing was based on the Beveridge model). Analysis of the dynamics of health care expenditures in Ukraine showed that over the past five years, the volume of expenditures has increased 2.33 times. In terms of the funds of the Consolidated Budget of Ukraine, the largest percentage (85-91%) falls on the expenditures of the general fund. In relation to the total expenditures of the Consolidated Budget of Ukraine, the share of health care expenditures in 2020 has amounted to 11.02%, which is 1.99% higher than in 2016. Despite the growing trend, the amount of budget expenditures is not enough for all the needs of the health sector. To identify the efficiency of the models of the systems of financing health care operating in the European Union countries and Ukraine, a comparison of the average life expectancy among the people of these countries was made. In the countries of Northern and Western Europe, there was the highest rate in the range of 81.1-83.1 years for both men and women; the lowest rate was observed in Ukraine (73 years). Ukraine is currently undergoing health care reform, which should change the Soviet model to one that will be closer to the English, which shows its efficiency on the example of European countries in the post-Soviet space. Practical implications. The results of the study can be used to form practical suggestions in preparation for the next stage of health care reform in Ukraine.

Financing of Medical Care in Russia: Sources and Problems of Their Evaluation

To form an effective mechanism for financial support of health care in Russia, it is necessary to introduce into scientific and practical activities clearly-defined concepts that characterize medical services and sources of their financing. The analysis of the definitions such as «medical care» and «medical services» described in this article showed a lack of orderliness in basic terminology, as well as the possibility of replacing these concepts in practice. The article discusses the types of medical services in relation to the Program of state guarantees for providing citizens with free medical care. The sources of financial support for medical services in Russia are systematized and their features are highlighted. The research of the problems of financing health-care expenditures from various sources made it possible to suggest the main criteria for sharing these expenditures among the budgets of the budget system of the Russian Federation. The volume of budget financing of healthcare in Russia, compulsory and voluntary health insurance, and paid services in the healthcare sector are evaluated in the article, and also, the problems of estimating the volume of medical care in total from all sources, including the income of private medical organizations are identified.

HEALTH FINANCING IN A CRISIS

Fundamental changes in the entire system of the national economy of our country cannot but affect individual structural subdivisions of this system. In this sense, transformations in the health care sector are in no way limited to the introduction of health insurance. Health care as a branch of the national economy is a very autonomous subsystem, but still initially dependent. The article deals with the problem of financing health care in modern conditions. The analysis of the main indicators of the budget of the FFOMS is carried out, conclusions are drawn, proposals are made aimed at improving the balance of the budget of this fund.

The Nexus between Public Health Care Expenditure and Health Outcomes in India

The issue of financing health care has assumed greater significance in the developing world.There are two broad approaches of financing health care- market-based and government (public) financed. Considering the social welfare obligations, market mechanism is unlikely to operate at the best interest of the people who live at the bottom end of the income distribution. Hence, from welfare perspective, the government needs to intervene more vigorously in the areas of education and health. Governments have assumed considerable importance in the provision of certain goods and services of which health care is of significant importance…in provision of health care services free of cost or at subsidized prices (Gertler 1990). There is a need to understand the relationship (nexus) between increasing public spending and improving health outcomes. Therefore, this paper makes an attempt to examine the impact of government expenditure on health care in health outcomes in India.

DEVELOPMENT OF A HEALTH FINANCING SYSTEM IN GERMANY

The article discloses a system of financing health care in Germany. The features and advantages of competing sickness funds (funds) and organizations of interaction between the state by associations of doctors and state non-profit and commercial hospitals are shown.