North American species of Solidago as ornamental plants and a source of promising raw plant materials

A review of the role of ornamental horticulture as a vector of phytoinvasions is presented on the example of North American species of Solidago: S. canadensis L., S. gigantea Ait and S. graminifolia (L.) Salisb. The first two species were originally cultivated as ornamental plants. With changes in environmental conditions, their range expanded to the north and east of the Eurasian continent, and the lag phase lasted 100-150 years. At the end of the XX century, their secondary range covered all the Eurasian regions, they were transformed into invasive plants and were listed in the Top 100 most threatened and aggressive species that are introduced into natural phytocoenosis and pose a threat to the environment. The secondary range of S. graminifolia is represented by several scattered localities, its lag phase ends, this species is recognized as invasive only in Poland. It has now become evident that alien species can be used as new resource plants. The study of secondary metabolites composition of species of Solidago makes possible the disbursement of a wide range of flavonoids, triterpene saponins, organic acids, and various terpene compounds in their composition. The authors believe that a detailed study of the phytochemical properties and many other widespread invasive species is required in order to identify new plant resources.

Elemental Composition of Infusions of Herbs (Tisanes) of North Ossetia (the Caucasus)

Herbal infusions are consumed worldwide owing to their beneficial properties. Cultivated or obtained from the wild, herbal raw plant materials may contain trace elements at various levels. This study relates to the release of beneficial and potentially toxic trace elements from herbal preparations during infusion. The elemental contents of seven commercially available herbal tea products were determined prior to and following two modes of infusion. Teabags (of equal herb content) were infused in 200 mL of boiling bottled water “Holy Spirit” for 15 and 45 min, in glass beakers. The total content of 57 elements including heavy metals, rare earth elements, as well as Th and U, were determined by ICP-MS and ICP-AES. The metals present in the highest concentrations were K, Ca, P, and S. Potassium, Mg, Co, Ni, As, Rb, and Cs had the highest extractability, whereas Ga, Ge, Se, Zr, Nb, Te, Er, Yb, W, Tl, and U had the lowest extractability.

Safety Evaluation of Fungal Pigments for Food Applications

Pigments play a major role in many industries. Natural colors are usually much safer when compared to synthetic colors and may even possess some medicinal benefits. Synthetic colors are economical and can easily be produced compared to natural colors. In addition, raw plant materials for natural colors are limited and season dependent. Microorganisms provide an alternative source for natural colors and, among them, fungi provide a wide range of natural colorants that could easily be produced cheaply and with high yield. Along with pigment, some microbial strains are also capable of producing a number of mycotoxins. The commercial use of microbial pigments relies on the safety of colorants. This review provides a toxicity evaluation of pigments from fungal origins for food application.

Study of the phenolic compounds of the dry extract of Thymus crebrifoli ususing a combined HPLC–UV and HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method

In world practice interest in herbal medicines is noticeably increasing every year. From this point of view, plants of the ThymusL. genus of the Lamiaceaefamily are of undoubted interest. Previously we have obtained a dry extract from the aerial part of an endemic plant of the flora of Kazakhstan Thymus crebrifoliusKlokovfor the first time by double extraction of raw plant materials with 70% ethanol using ultrasound. Dry extract of Thymus crebrifoliushas a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity, including against Helicobacter pylori, while it is not toxic, and can be used as an antimicrobial agent. The article presents the results of a study of the composition of phenolic compounds of dry extract of Thymus crebrifoliususing a combined HPLC-UV and HPLC-MS/MS method. 12 phenolic compounds have been identified and quantified in the dry extract of Thy-mus crebrifolius. Four of them are phenolic acids, and eight are flavonoids. The dominant phenolic compounds are luteolin-7-O-glucoside (109.00mg g−1),rosmarinic acid (30.98mg g−1), naringenin (24.84 mg g−1), epicat-echin (9.98mg g−1),myricetin (6.15mg g−1) and gallic acid (3.41mg g−1). The results of chromatographic analysis will be used to standardize drugs based on dry extract of Thymus crebrifolius.

Organised crime poses evolving threats in Europe

Significance Combined with ongoing trends (such as digitalisation), existing problems (such as institutional corruption and drug trafficking) and new policy directions (including the green transition), lockdown measures and post-pandemic recovery strategies are accelerating illicit market linkage and change. The continent is facing significant and unprecedented challenges. Impacts Successful takedowns in a context of ad hoc crime structures will drive illicit market diversification, innovation and violence. European restrictions on raw plant materials from elsewhere will spur manufacture of synthetic drugs and local cannabis cultivation. London will maintain ties with Europol but loose access to the Schengen Information System will complicate law enforcement cooperation.

Novel Polymeric Biomaterial Based on Naringenin

Biomaterials prepared based on raw plant materials are becoming more and more popular due to their specific properties and environmental friendliness. Naringenin is a flavonoid naturally occurring in citrus fruit with antioxidant and pharmacological activity. Polymeric materials based on flavonoids may have favorable properties in comparison to monomeric polyphenols, such as stronger antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. One of the methods of obtaining the polymeric form of flavonoids is polymerization with a cross-linking compound. This method has already been used to obtain poly(quercetin) and poly(rutin) from a flavonol group as well as poly(catechin) from the flavan-3-ol group of flavonoids. However, to date, no polymeric forms of flavanones have been prepared in a cross-linking reaction; the aim of this study was to obtain poly(naringenin) by reaction with a cross-linking compound using glycerol diglycide ether GDE. The degree of conversion of naringenin to poly(naringenin) determined by FTIR spectroscopy was 85%. In addition, the thermal, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of poly(naringenin) were analyzed. Poly(naringenin) was characterized by greater resistance to oxidation and better thermal stability than monomeric naringenin. Moreover, polymeric naringenin also had a better ability to scavenge ABTS and DPPH free-radicals. In contrast to monomeric form, poly(naringenin) had antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans. Polymeric biomaterial based on naringenin could potentially be used as a natural stabilizer and antimicrobial additive for polymer compositions, as well as pro-ecological materials.

High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography: A Qualitative Biochemical Analysis of Sammoha Loha Vati Formulations

Introduction- HPTLC uses include phytochemical and biochemical analyzes, ayurvedic medicine quantification and quantification of active ingredients, formational fingerprinting and adulterant testing of formulations. HPTLC can be used as a simple tool for tracking the consistency of plant-based raw plant materials and formulations. The source of many biomarkers is Sammoha Loha Vati. The HPTLC method has been used to classify and measure the bark of leaves and branches. Aim & Objective- Identification and authentication of raw drugs used for Sammoha Loha Vati through HPTLC. Observations- 1. Stationary phase, 2. Mobile phase, 3. Optimization, 4. Preparation of Sample and its use, 5. Separation, 6. Detection. Conclusion and Finding- The use of HPTLC for the screening of pharmaceutical compounds for antimicrobial activities is emerging. Requirements for the testing of new incoming products and their integration into regulatory frameworks are of great significance for the future of HPTLC. Rf Value having at 254 nm Chromatogram, Spot No. [1] Track T1 [0.22], Track T2 [0.22], Rf Value having at 366 nm Chromatogram, Spot No. [1] Track T1 [0.10], Track T2 [0.10], Rf Value having at 540 nm Chromatogram, Spot No.[1] Track T1 [0.10], Track T2 [0.10].

Yield and content of essential oils in the common origanum nursery

Common origanum is one of the most famous spices, it is popular all over the world. The purpose of this work is to conduct a comparative assessment of the yield of raw plant materials and the content of essential oils in common origanum plants. Field research was carried out in 2019-2020 at the experimental field of the Northern Trans Urals Research Institute - a branch of the Tyumen Research Center SB RAS (Moskovsky settlement of the Tyumen district). The soil of the experimental site belongs to the subtype of dark gray forest, heavy loamy according to the granulometric composition. From the studied 350 common origanum samples, 16 samples were isolated. All samples were evaluated according to the following criteria: the yield of raw plant materials and the amount of essential oil. The Khutoryanka variety is accepted as the standard. For two years of research, three samples were distinguished from the studied samples of common origanum in terms of the yield of raw plant materials compared to the standard: 12-2-2; 13-2-1; 15-2-1, the yield of these numbers was from 3.6 to 3.9 t/ha, this is (13.3, 10.0, 6.6 %) higher than the standard. From the studied samples of common origanum, two samples were distinguished by the content of essential oils in dry plant materials - 14-2-3 and 21-1-1. The harvest per hectare of these samples was, respectively, 750 and 928 ml in 2019, and in 2020, 1026 and 1120 ml/ha.

THE INFLUENCE OF SOIL-CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF GROWTH ON THE CONTENT OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS IN TRIFOLIUM L. PLANTS

The current study was carried out to study the effect of growing conditions on the pharmaceutically promising biologically active phenolic compounds on the meadow clover plants. The impact of the plant development site on the contemplated mixes was additionally explored. The estimation of phenolic compounds in raw plant materials was carried out with the help of a spectrophotometer and photocolorimeter. Results of the study revealed that the place of plant growth conditions have remarkable effect on the content of the phenolic compounds. Further, the most ideal conditions available for clover plant growth and higher phenolic compounds were reported from the broad-leaved forests. Furthermore, the results also suggested that the most important elements which affecting the aggregation of phenolic compounds are soil nitrogen.