Issues in Theory Construction

The purpose of this chapter is to discuss key steps in the theory construction process that have not received sufficient attention in the literature. Four issues are explored: (1) a brief history of the prevailing approaches to theory construction is presented; (2) an in-depth discussion is provided on how the core study model was developed—a special emphasis is placed on specifying a generic strategy for how to practice one’s own research craft; (3) a concise discussion on how to weave preliminary theoretical specifications into a viable midrange theory is described; and (4) a discussion involving how to write for an academic audience is provided.

Impact of Porter’s Generic Strategy on Firm Performance with reference to Nepalese Retail Banking Sector

Porter’s generic strategies are the proven and pervasive strategic options in achieving competitiveness and better firm performance. This paper aims in examining the effect of Porter’s generic strategies (low-cost, differentiation, and focus) on firm performance in the context of Nepalese retail banks, a more competitive service industry. This study applies casual comparative research design and the data have been collected through administering questionnaire survey from 75 senior bank managers of 18 Nepalese commercial banks who being engaged in strategic affairs. The econometric model has been constructed to measure the expected effect of the strategies on firm performance. The descriptive analysis, Pearson’s correlation analysis, and multivariate regression analysis were conducted. The empirical results of correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis produced consistent results indicating positive associations between generic strategies and firm performance. The empirical results from regression analysis declared higher positive and significant impact of low-cost on firm performance. Similarly, positive effect of differentiation strategy and focus strategy on firm performance was reported. The findings suggested that pursuing low cost strategy provides more financial returns with comparison to differentiation and focus strategies. The finding also suggested for combination of low-cost and differentiation (and focus) strategies could provide better competitiveness and firm performance. Keywords: Generic Strategy, Low-cost strategy, Differentiation strategy, Focus strategy, Firm performance

Strategic Formulation Analysis of Semi-Permanent Building Provider from Containers, "I-Cont."

PT. Karya Inti Abadi Kontainer, trademark ‘I-CONT,’ is a container modification company creating business stalls with modern, practical and economical containers. We are the solution for MSME business players, which is focusing on the food and beverage industry. Aside from that, we also provide services in membership from consultation, modification containers, delivery, maintenance, service until reselling and remodification. The strategy method uses the Value Proposition Canvas, IFE, EFE, VRIO, CPM, SWOT, IE, QSPM, Porter's Generic Strategy and Lean Business Canvas Model. The results of this analysis can help to determine a suitable business model for PT. Karya Inti Abadi. Keywords: Value Proposition Canvas, Porter's Generic Strategy, Lean Business Model Canvas, containers.

Optimized Silica-Binding Peptide-Mediated Delivery of Bactericidal Lysin Efficiently Prevents Staphylococcus aureus from Adhering to Device Surfaces

Staphylococcal-associated device-related infections (DRIs) represent a significant clinical challenge causing major medical and economic sequelae. Bacterial colonization, proliferation, and biofilm formation after adherence to surfaces of the indwelling device are probably the primary cause of DRIs. To address this issue, we incorporated constructs of silica-binding peptide (SiBP) with ClyF, an anti-staphylococcal lysin, into functionalized coatings to impart bactericidal activity against planktonic and sessile Staphylococcus aureus. An optimized construct, SiBP1-ClyF, exhibited improved thermostability and staphylolytic activity compared to its parental lysin ClyF. SiBP1-ClyF-functionalized coatings were efficient in killing MRSA strain N315 (>99.999% within 1 h) and preventing the growth of static and dynamic S. aureus biofilms on various surfaces, including siliconized glass, silicone-coated latex catheter, and silicone catheter. Additionally, SiBP1-ClyF-immobilized surfaces supported normal attachment and growth of mammalian cells. Although the recycling potential and long-term stability of lysin-immobilized surfaces are still affected by the fragility of biological protein molecules, the present study provides a generic strategy for efficient delivery of bactericidal lysin to solid surfaces, which serves as a new approach to prevent the growth of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms on surfaces in hospital settings and could be adapted for other target pathogens as well.

Nanobody-Functionalized Cellulose for Capturing and Containing SARS-CoV-2

The highly transmissible severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected more than 217 million people, claiming ~ 4.5 million lives to date. Although mandatory quarantines, lockdowns, and vaccinations help curb viral transmission, safe and effective preventative measures remain urgently needed. Here, we present a generic strategy for containing SARS-CoV-2 by cellulose materials. Specifically, we developed a bifunctional fusion protein consisting of a cellulose-binding domain and a nanobody (Nb) targeting the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2. The immobilization of the fusion proteins on cellulose substrates enhanced the capture efficiency of Nbs against SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses of the wildtype and the D614G variant, the latter of which has been shown to confer higher infectivity. Furthermore, the fusion protein was integrated into a customizable chromatography with highly porous cellulose for neutralizing virus from contaminated fluids in a continuous and cost-effective fashion. Taken together, our work leverages low-cost cellulose materials and recently developed Nbs to provide a complementary approach to addressing the pandemic.

Strategic Formulation Analysis to Build a New Business Startup “Jamu Partnership” in Indonesia

Background – PT Oesodo Alam Mandiri (PT OAM) is a startup company that was established to provide solutions to business opportunities and problems that are being faced by people in Indonesia. Before starting a business, it is necessary to analyze both internal and external factors, also carry out strategy formulation. The results of this analysis will assist in determining the right strategy and business model. Through the right strategy and business model, a newly established startup company will be able to compete and be sustainable. Method – Using Value Proposition Canvas, EFE, IFE, VRIO, CPM, SWOT, IE, QSPM, Porter’s Generic Strategy and Lean Business Canvas Model. Result – This analysis helps to determine the right business model for jamu partnership startup company. Keywords: Startup, Value Proposition Canvas, Lean Business Model Canvas, Jamu, Indonesia.

Antecedents of University Performance: Does Strategy Matter?

In a bid to contribute to the increasing body of extant interdisciplinary research within the antecedents of university performance and strategic management domains, this study investigates the role of generic strategies in the perceived performance of universities. Using a case study of eight Nigerian universities and survey responses from 380 academics and administrative staff from these universities, the study tested four succinct hypotheses using the covariance structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) technique. Findings revealed that while there was a limited link between differentiation strategy and performance, there was a substantially strong link between focus strategy and performance according to the findings. Similarly, findings revealed that respondents from public-private universities perceived their institutions as having the strongest generic strategy-performance connection, followed by respondents from the public sector. The cost leadership-performance path demonstrated no significant effect.

Nanobody-Functionalized Cellulose for Capturing and Containing SARS-CoV-2

The highly transmissible severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected more than 196 million people, claiming ~ 4.2 million lives to date. Although mandatory quarantines, lockdowns, and vaccinations help curb viral transmission, safe and effective preventative measures remain urgently needed. Here, we present a generic strategy for containing SARS-CoV-2 by cellulose materials. Specifically, we developed a bifunctional fusion protein consisting of a cellulose-binding domain and a nanobody (Nb) targeting the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2. The immobilization of the fusion proteins on cellulose substrates enhanced the capture efficiency of Nbs against SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses of both the wildtype and the D614G variant, the latter of which has been shown to confer higher infectivity. Furthermore, the fusion protein was integrated into a customizable chromatography with highly porous cellulose for neutralizing virus from contaminated fluids in a continuous and cost-effective fashion. Taken together, our work leverages low-cost cellulose materials and recently developed Nbs to provide a complementary approach to addressing the pandemic.

Ultrasensitive nano-optomechanical force sensor operated at dilution temperatures

Cooling down nanomechanical force probes is a generic strategy to enhance their sensitivities through the concomitant reduction of their thermal noise and mechanical damping rates. However, heat conduction becomes less efficient at low temperatures, which renders difficult to ensure and verify their proper thermalization. Here we implement optomechanical readout techniques operating in the photon counting regime to probe the dynamics of suspended silicon carbide nanowires in a dilution refrigerator. Readout of their vibrations is realized with sub-picowatt optical powers, in a situation where less than one photon is collected per oscillation period. We demonstrate their thermalization down to 32 ± 2 mK, reaching very large sensitivities for scanning probe force sensors, 40 zN Hz−1/2, with a sensitivity to lateral force field gradients in the fN m−1 range. This opens the road toward explorations of the mechanical and thermal conduction properties of nanoresonators at minimal excitation level, and to nanomechanical vectorial imaging of faint forces at dilution temperatures.