Models and methods of digital mechanisms in anti-corruption, their advantages and disadvantages, and applications

Corruption is one of the main problems in many developing countries. However, the complexity of measuring corruption and its consequences does not allow for its complete study and implementation of measures. The factors and indicators currently known worldwide cannot measure corruption on time scales and depend on a narrow circle of experts in this area. Thus, corruption is easily confused with institutional gaps. In modern society, where the technologies such as Data Science and Predictive Analytics play a huge role, corruption is still omnipresent. The article examines the priority areas of combating corruption using new digital technologies. The main direction of the article is defined as an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the digitalization in the areas of solving social conflicts. The article presents the comparative analysis of technologies of digital anti-corruption compliance in developing countries, on the example of Kazakhstan. At the same time, according to the results, the article discusses the disadvantages of using proposed models due to the peculiarities of the legislation.

Gymnasia and Greek Identity in Ptolemaic Egypt

This is the first complete study of all the documentation relevant to the gymnasium and gymnasial life in Egypt at the time of the Ptolemies, the longest-reigning Hellenistic Royal House (323–30 BC). It analyses the diffusion, characteristics, administration, and developments of the institution of the gymnasium in Ptolemaic Egypt and its implications for the assertion of Greek identity. It shows how this institution and its people were affected by the local environment and how ‘those from the gymnasium’, the members of the most Greek institution ever, were truly embedded in the social and cultural milieu of the country where they lived: they were the ‘Greeks’ of Egypt. Thanks to the information from Ptolemaic Egypt with its papyrological sources, this work showcases the variety of concomitant features and different traditions alive and active in the Hellenistic world, thus contributing to a better understanding of the ancient world in all its complexity and vitality.

Dostoevsky in Kazakhstan: History of Study, Results, Prospects

The article is devoted to the analysis of the Semipalatinsk and Kuznetsk periods in the life and work of F.M. Dostoevsky. The purpose of the study is to reveal the Kazakh-Siberian periods in the fate of the Russian writer, their reflection in the letters and works of art by F.M. Dostoevsky. In the year of the 200th anniversary of the birth of the Russian writer, we cannot talk about the complete study of the indicated periods of the life of the prose writer, which, of course, to one degree or another, were reflected in his prose. This determines the degree of novelty of this article. Dostoevsky is dear to Kazakhstan. He not only served his exile, but also found a friend here, sincere and quivering - the historian, orientalist, ethnographer Ch. Valikhanov. The stories Uncle's Dream and The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitant, the first chapters of Notes from the Dead House were written in Semipalatinsk. The story The village of Stepanchikovo and its inhabitants (1857-1859) has the author's clarification: From the notes of the unknown. Many works of fiction in world literature are the result of travel notes, diaries. Undoubtedly, the restoration of the history of the Kazakh-Siberian period of the life and work of F.M. Dostoevsky is of great value, because the greatest Russian writer experienced spiritual revival there, in Kazahstan. The works of F.M. Dostoevsky were included in the literature program of secondary schools in Kazakhstan, translated into Kazakh ( The Idiot, The Brothers Karamazov translated by N. Syzdykov). Dostoevsky scholars of Kazakhstan in the XXI century continue to study the writers works.

Orbital stability analysis of trajectories of highly nonlinear dynamic systems with feedback coupling

Orbital stability and qualitative study of the oscillations of a highly nonlinear dynamic system with feedback coupling are considered. For a highly nonlinear dynamic system with feedback coupling that satisfies Liénard’s theorem (on the existence and uniqueness of a periodic solution), a complete study of the phase pattern of the system is conducted. Applying the Poincaré criterion, the conditions for the existence of limit cycles and their Lyapunov stability are determined. The diagrams of phase trajectories are constructed numerically using the Mathcad 15 software package. Limit cycles are established, which are consistent with the limit cycles obtained by the Poincaré method. The behavior of trajectories outside the limit cycles is investigated. Recurrent homogeneous Pfaff equations are obtained, which determine the behavior of the systems “at infinity”. It was determined that the infinitely distant point of the horizontal axis is the only singular point for these equations. Linear approximations of recurrent homogeneous equations are obtained, which make it possible to determine the nature of the singular points. It was found that the trajectories then wind like a spiral on the limit cycles. Images of trajectories on the phase plane outside the limit cycles for the cases of degrees of nonlinearity under consideration are constructed.

Urban soils: the results of the study of the territory of the city of Ekaterinburg

In this article, we will consider the interesting, in our opinion, presented data of practitioners and scientists in terms of studying the formation and composition of urban soils, which is the most objective and stable indicator of man-made pollution, it clearly reflects the spread of pollutants and their actual distribution in the components of the urban environment. In this article, we have only shown the results of the analysis of the soils of g.For the period of the last 10 years, it is possible that for conclusions about the impact of the existing situation of the city territory on the entire environment, a more complete study of not only the chemical composition of soils, but also the impact of the economic mechanism of land management on the state of the city is necessary, the authors have not yet set themselves such a task.

The optical system of the Tenerife Microwave Spectrometer: a window for observing the 10–20 GHz sky spectra

The TMS optical system is based on a decentered dual-reflector system in a Gregorian configuration to observe with an angular resolution of less than 2°. The primary goal of the present study is to evaluate the final design and verify that it satisfies the design requirements. We aim for low cross-polarization (-30 dB), low sidelobe (-25 dB) levels, and a stable beam in terms of shape (low ellipticity) and size over a full octave bandwidth (10–20 GHz). We performed both ray-tracing and full-wave simulations using the CST Studio software in order to investigate the system behaviour. We gave special attention to the beam frequency variation and polarization leakage. We have characterized the effects on the radiation pattern produced by the cryostat window. We present the final design of the TMS optical system, as well as a complete study of the system's performance in terms of cross-polarization, sidelobes, ellipticity and beamwidth. We discuss the effects of sidelobes and study the need for a baffle.

Realisation of the ITS-90 and thermodynamic temperature measurements above 960 °C using a monochromator-based radiance comparator

At LNE-Cnam, the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) and thermodynamic temperature measurements above the silver point, are carried out with a radiance comparator. This instrument is, more generally, devoted to any radiance comparison in temperature range from the ambient to 3000 °C. The instrument developed in the early 1990s at LNE-Cnam has the advantage of being completely adjustable. Compared to compact radiation thermometers based on lenses and a narrow-band interference filter, the radiance comparator is only made of gold coated mirrors and a Czerny-Turner monochromator to select the spectral bandwidth. The instrument offers the possibility to tune the geometric extent and the slit scattering function. In return, the radiance comparator is a complex instrument that requires a complete and a regular characterisation at the highest level of accuracy. In the first part, this paper describes the instrument and its operating principle. In a second part, a complete study of the wavelength calibration, the slit scattering function, size of source effect, out-of-band transmittance, linearity and other main sources of uncertainty are presented and discussed. Their associated uncertainties are estimated separately and are grouped together to give an example of propagation of uncertainties when performing the ITS-90.

Methodological aspects for accelerometer-based assessment of physical activity in heart failure and health

Background For valid accelerometer-assessed physical activity (PA) data, several methodological aspects should be considered. We aimed to 1) visualize the applicability of absolute accelerometer cut-offs to classify PA intensity, 2) verify recommendations to measure PA over 7 days by examining inter-day variability and reactivity, 3) examine seasonal differences in PA, and 4) recommend during which 10 h day period accelerometers should be worn to capture the most PA in patients with heart failure (HEART) and healthy individuals (HEALTH). Methods Fifty-six HEART (23% female; mean age 66 ± 13 years) and 299 HEALTH (51% female; mean age 54 ± 19 years) of the COmPLETE study wore accelerometers for 14 days. Aim 1 was analyzed descriptively. Key analyses were performed using linear mixed models. Results The results yielded poor applicability of absolute cut-offs. The day of the week significantly affected PA in both groups. PA-reactivity was not present in either group. A seasonal influence on PA was only found in HEALTH. Large inter-individual variability in PA timing was present. Conclusions Our data indicated that absolute cut-offs foster inaccuracies in both populations. In HEART, Sunday and four other days included in the analyses seem sufficient to estimate PA and the consideration of seasonal differences and reactivity seems not necessary. For healthy individuals, both weekend days plus four other days should be integrated into the analyses and seasonal differences should be considered. Due to substantial inter-individual variability in PA timing, accelerometers should be worn throughout waking time. These findings may improve future PA assessment. Trial registration The COmPLETE study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03986892).