A Digital Oilfield Comprehensive Study: Automated Intelligent Production Network Optimization

Production optimization on a network level has been proven to be an effective method to maximize production potential of a field with low capital. But as it stands, it is a heavy process to start along with its several challenges such as data quality issues, tedious plus repetitive work processes to deploy and reuse a complete network model. Leveraging technologies from a flow assurance simulator, python Application Programming Interface (API) toolkit, open-source machine learning packages in python, and a commercial visualization dashboard, this paper proposed a series of workflows to simplify model deployment and set up an automatic advisory system to provide insight as a mean to justify an engineer’s day to-day engineering decision. A total of three steps was prepared to achieve field-level automated optimization system. First, is the creation of digital twin of well and network model. To eliminate potential data errors, reduce time consumed, and to merge various part of the model into one, a scalable python script was made. Second, an automated calibration workflow is created as performance issues also arises for individual branch calibration matching. Hence a combination of technologies was utilized to automate daily data acquisition and model update from production database and run a supervised machine learning model to continuously calibrate the network model. The last one is creating the customizable optimization workflow based of field KPIs, which results are derived from daily optimization run. The results are available in a personalized network surveillance dashboard accessible for engineers to create rapid decisions. From the first and second steps, time consumed was reduced from 30 minutes/well to 10 minutes/well in bulk well modelling workflow and from 2 hours to 10 minutes for the network model merge with the assumption of 100 wells in one network. It would also greatly increase data integrity and consistency issues as it eliminates wearisome input process. On the last step, the model was successfully updated with the latest production data and the well IPRs’ Liquid PI, reservoir pressure, and holdup factor are predicted from ML with more than 90% accuracy. As result delivery, the surveillance dashboard will be populated daily with the network production data, flowing parameters, and operation recommendations. It is estimated more than 90% time is saved from manual individual runs to digital comprehensive optimization.

A REVIEW OF HEALTH BEHAVIOUR DYNAMICS IN AYURVEDA

Health behaviour was essentially a part of sociology. It has now evolved as an individual branch focusing on hu- man therapeutic care. The human behaviour or actions that have a definite impact on his health is named health behaviour. Those which complements one's health are known as positive health behaviours. The negative/altered health behaviour is considered one of the major causative factors for diseases. Alterations from the ideal health behaviour (misdeeds) are due to the wrong psychotic process. These unhealthy behaviours are usually focused on few factors like food, physical activities, sleep, sex and substance use. The positive, as well as negative impacts of behaviour on health, should be understood as part of sociology about psychology, medicine and ethics. In ancient literature, there were such descriptions of health behaviour in the form of do’s and don’ts or taboos. Ayurveda considers misdeeds (prajnaparadha) as the root cause of diseases. They are happening by an unsuitable psychotic process like ignorance (unawareness), lack of control/thinking over actions or lack of remembrance. This work attempts to list out the health behaviours mentioned in Ayurveda. The ways to abstain from such misdeeds are also disclosed here. Keywords: health behaviour, Prajnaparadha

Expanding 3D Nanoprinting Performance by Blurring the Electron Beam

Additive, direct-write manufacturing via a focused electron beam has evolved into a reliable 3D nanoprinting technology in recent years. Aside from low demands on substrate materials and surface morphologies, this technology allows the fabrication of freestanding, 3D architectures with feature sizes down to the sub-20 nm range. While indispensably needed for some concepts (e.g., 3D nano-plasmonics), the final applications can also be limited due to low mechanical rigidity, and thermal- or electric conductivities. To optimize these properties, without changing the overall 3D architecture, a controlled method for tuning individual branch diameters is desirable. Following this motivation, here, we introduce on-purpose beam blurring for controlled upward scaling and study the behavior at different inclination angles. The study reveals a massive boost in growth efficiencies up to a factor of five and the strong delay of unwanted proximal growth. In doing so, this work expands the design flexibility of this technology.

Short Shoot Growth and Reproduction Response to Light Conditions Vary with Order Branching in the Proximal Part of C. atlantica Crown

This study compared the effects of shading in individual branch orders 2 and 3 on the needle survival, growth, and reproduction of five categories of short shoots of the proximal part of wild Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) G. Manetti ex Carrière). The sun exposure did not affect the number of short shoots in the two branch orders, whereas light compared to shade only stimulates the unbranched short shoot elongation of the branch order 3. The impact of shade exposure compared to sun on the loss of needles depends on the order of branching; it is weak to order 2 and increases to higher order. This effect in the branch order 3 is achieved by a significant decrease of the fallen leaf number in the unbranched short shoot SSnr and the short shoot SS/T worn by Twigs while in the branch order 2 only short shoot SS (nr + r) loses significantly few needles. In terms of short shoot extension and needle loss, the SS/T of the branch order 3 behaves in the same way as the SS (nr + r) of the branch order 2. The shadow compared to sunlit only decreases significantly the production of pollen strobili of the branch order 2. Close relationships between short shoot extension, leaf life span, and pollen strobili production of axillary products in the proximal part of C. atlantica crown were found.

Growth of tree diameter and stem taper as affected by reduced leaf area on selected branch whorls

Leaf area on branches is linked to the stem through hydraulic and physiological functions. We investigated whether this relationship extends to growth responses by examining coordinated growth between leaf area on selected branches in the crown and growth in form and taper of the main stem. The growth impact of leaf area carried on individual branch whorls on the stem profile and internodes was tested using a series of defoliation and shade treatments. The data were analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model relating relative diameter to the relative height of the measured internodes. Defoliation and shade treatments on selected branches significantly affected the stem profile compared with untreated trees. The effect of reduced leaf area due to defoliation and shading of branch whorls was localized to internodes immediately below or above treated whorls. The stem profile showed curvature in the regions affected by reduced leaf area. These findings demonstrate that branch and stem growth is sensitive to minor changes in leaf area. The results emphasize the localized contribution of branches to stem growth.

Femoral vein homograft as Sano shunt results in improved pulmonary artery growth after Norwood operation

ObjectiveTo evaluate differences in interstage growth of pulmonary arteries between use of polytetrafluoroethylene and femoral vein homograft as Sano shunt during stage-I Norwood palliation.MethodsA retrospective review of all patients who survived to the second stage following Norwood–Sano operation at two institutions was performed. Either polytetrafluoroethylene or the valved segment of femoral vein homograft was used for construction of the Sano shunt. The size of pulmonary arteries was compared at pre-Glenn catheterisation.ResultsA total of 48 neonates with the diagnosis of hypoplastic left heart syndrome or its variants comprised the study population. Femoral vein homograft of 5–6 mm diameter was used in 14 and polytetrafluoroethylene graft of 5 mm was used in 34 patients. The two groups were comparable in terms of preoperative demographics and age at time of pre-Glenn catheterisation (3.9±0.7 versus 3.4±0.8 months, p=0.06). Patients who received femoral vein homograft demonstrated a significantly higher pre-Glenn Nakata index [264 (130–460) versus 165 (108–234) mm2/m2, p=0.004]. The individual branch pulmonary arteries were significantly larger in the femoral vein group (right, 7.8±3.6 versus 5.0±1.2, p=0.014; left, 7.2±2.1 versus 5.6±1.9, p=0.02). There were no differences in cardiac index, Qp:Qs, ventricular end-diastolic pressure or systemic oxygen saturations.ConclusionsUtilisation of a valved segment of femoral vein homograft as right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit during Norwood–Sano operation confers better interstage growth of the pulmonary arteries. Further studies are needed to evaluate the impact of femoral vein homograft on single ventricle function.

Complex Branches in the System of Law and in Legislation System

The article deals with the reasonableness of inclusion into legal science and system of law new complex branches of law. It often occurs in spite of the generally recognized principles of systems of law construction. The authors criticize the constant increase in the number of complex branches of law, assuming that complex branches can only exist in legislation. Isolation of complex branches in the legal system is an attempt to summarize the phenomenon on the basis of different methodological approaches. Formation of the system of law as opposed to the system of legislation is carried out on the basis of essential unity but not functional unity relations. Essential unity of social relations is characterized by the homogeneity of their qualitative characteristics due to socio-economic basis prevailing in a society. The building of the legal system on the basis of essential unity of the controlled relationship allows to apply a single method of legal regulation and to identify the presence of systemic relations between the norms of the individual branch of law and specific principles of legal regulation.

Study on the Influence Factors of Dry Hollow Parallel Reactor Loss

Reactor individual branch loss mutation is one of the important reasons leading to local temperature too high. In order to explore process deviation for dry type hollow shunt reactor loss amplification effect, this paper is establish a loss calculation model of dry-type air-core reactor as the tool, Comparative analysis relationship between the four common types of process deviation and the local branch loss. Calculation results show that the number of turns deviation are the main factor influencing the reactor partial loss, So the reactor production winding process should strengthen the control of the number of turns deviation.