Tentacle patterning during Exaiptasia diaphana pedal lacerate development differs between symbiotic and aposymbiotic animals

Exaiptasia diaphana, a tropical sea anemone known as Aiptasia, is a tractable model system for studying the cellular, physiological, and ecological characteristics of cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis. Aiptasia is widely used as a proxy for coral-algal symbiosis, since both Aiptasia and corals form a symbiosis with members of the family Symbiodiniaceae. Laboratory strains of Aiptasia can be maintained in both the symbiotic (Sym) and aposymbiotic (Apo, without algae) states. Apo Aiptasia allow for the study of the influence of symbiosis on different biological processes and how different environmental conditions impact symbiosis. A key feature of Aiptasia is the ease of propagating both Sym and Apo individuals in the laboratory through a process called pedal laceration. In this form of asexual reproduction, small pieces of tissue rip away from the pedal disc of a polyp, then these lacerates eventually develop tentacles and grow into new polyps. While pedal laceration has been described in the past, details of how tentacles are formed or how symbiotic and nutritional state influence this process are lacking. Here we describe the stages of development in both Sym and Apo pedal lacerates. Our results show that Apo lacerates develop tentacles earlier than Sym lacerates, while over the course of 20 days, Sym lacerates end up with a greater number of tentacles. We describe both tentacle and mesentery patterning during lacerate development and show that they form through a single pattern in early stages regardless of symbiotic state. In later stages of development, Apo lacerate tentacles and mesenteries progress through a single pattern, while variable patterns were observed in Sym lacerates. We discuss how Aiptasia lacerate mesentery and tentacle patterning differs from oral disc regeneration and how these patterning events compare to postembryonic development in Nematostella vectensis, another widely-used sea anemone model. In addition, we demonstrate that Apo lacerates supplemented with a putative nutrient source developed an intermediate number of tentacles between un-fed Apo and Sym lacerates. Based on these observations, we hypothesize that pedal lacerates progress through two different, putatively nutrient-dependent phases of development. In the early phase, the lacerate, regardless of symbiotic state, preferentially uses or relies on nutrients carried over from the adult polyp. These resources are sufficient for lacerates to develop into a functional polyp. In the late phase of development, continued growth and tentacle formation is supported by nutrients obtained from either symbionts and/or the environment through heterotrophic feeding. Finally, we advocate for the implementation of pedal lacerates as an additional resource in the Aiptasia model system toolkit for studies of cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis.

Oral-Based Christian-Marapu Interreligious Engagement: Manawara as a Shared Virtue for Common Liberation

This has been prevalent that the discourse of interreligious dialogue has been overwhelmingly dominated by the elites in the formal spheres. It even seems to be the only standard to examine the issues of interreligious relations, without taking into account the diverse modes of everyday engagements among the people. This then raises the recognition that there is actually no single pattern for interreligious engagement since it would be always contextual according to its distinctive context. It therefore implies the need to learn more from the localities to develop more contextual interreligious engagement. In this regard, this work will examine the interreligious engagement of Christianity and Marapu indigenous religion in Sumba. The data used in this work are based on the field research conducted in 2019 in Southwest Sumba. Observation and in depth interview with a number of Sumbanese Christians and Marapu are also conducted. The research finds that manawara (the teaching of love; compassion) as the potential basis for developing social engagement. The term manawara is used by Marapu people in their teaching, but since the term is a Sumbanese language, the Sumbanese Christians also translate their prominent teaching of love with that term. Manawara is then both scriptural-based for Christians, and oral-based for Marapu people. Using Lattu’s oral-based interreligious engagement and Knitter’s socially engaged dialogue as the theoretical frameworks, this work argues that manawara as a shared virtue is very potential to be developed, in realizing common liberation of the Sumbanese through mutual action. Keywords: interreligious engagement, manawara, orality, sumbanese christian, marapu indigenous rel Wacana dialog antaragama selama ini telah didominasi sedemikian rupa oleh para elit dalam ruang-ruang formal. Hal itu bahkan menjadi seolah satu-satunya ukuran untuk membahas isu-isu hubungan antaragama, tanpa memperhitungkan keberagaman bentuk keterlibatan sehari-hari yang dihidupi secara nyata oleh orang-orang beragama yang merupakan subjek utama dalam topik tersebut. Dari sinilah kemudian muncul kesadaran bahwa sebenarnya tidak ada satu pola tertentu untuk keterlibatan antaragama karena ia akan selalu tergantung pada konteksnya yang unik. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa penting untuk lebih banyak belajar dari lokalitas-lokalitas yang ada demi mengembangkan keterlibatan antaragama yang lebih kontekstual. Untuk itu, tulisan ini akan membahas keterlibatan antaragama Kristen dan Marapu di Sumba. Data yang digunakan dalam studi ini diperoleh dari sebuah penelitian lapangan pada tahun 2019 di Sumba Barat Daya yang dilakukan melalui observasi dan wawancara mendalam dengan sejumlah orang Sumba Kristen dan Marapu. Penelitian tersebut menemukan manawara (ajaran tentang kasih) sebagai basis potensial untuk mengembangkan keterlibatan yang ada. Istilah manawara digunakan oleh orang Marapu dalam ajaran mereka, namun karena istilah tersebut adalah sebuah kata dalam Bahasa Sumba, orang Sumba Kristen juga menerjemahkan ajaran kasih mereka dengan istilah manawara tersebut. Dengan demikian, manawara menjadi suatu ajaran yang basisnya skriptural, bagi orang Kristen, dan oral, bagi orang Marapu. Dengan menggunakan keterlibatan antaragama berbasis oral dari Lattu dan socially engaged dialogue dari Knitter sebagai kerangka teori, studi ini berargumen bahwa manawara sebagai sebuah kebajikan bersama sangatlah potensial untuk dikembangkan, dalam merealisasikan pembebasan bersama orang Sumba melalui aksi bersama. Kata Kunci: keterlibatan antaragama, manawara, kelisanan, orang Kristen Sumba, agama Marapu

Spatial Interactions in Business and Housing Location Models

The paper combines theoretical models of housing and business locations and shows that they have the same determinants. It evidences that classical, behavioural, new economic geography, evolutionary and co-evolutionary frameworks apply simultaneously, and one should consider them jointly when explaining urban structure. We use quantitative tools in a theory-guided factors induction approach to show the complexity of location models. The paper discusses and measures spatial phenomena as distance-decaying gradients, spatial discontinuities, densities, spillovers, spatial interactions, agglomerations, and as multimodal processes. We illustrate the theoretical discussion with an empirical case of interacting point-patterns for business, housing, and population. The analysis reveals strong links between housing valuation and business location and profitability, accompanied by the related spatial phenomena. It also shows that assumptions concerning unimodal spatial urban structure, the existence of rational maximisers, distance-decaying externalities, and a single pattern of behaviour, do not hold. Instead, the reality entails consideration of multimodality, a mixture of maximisers and satisfiers, incomplete information, appearance of spatial interactions, feed-back loops, as well as the existence of persistence of behaviour, with slow and costly adjustments of location.

Multiple Connection Pattern Combination From Single-Mode Data for Mild Cognitive Impairment Identification

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is generally considered to be a key indicator for predicting the early progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Currently, the brain connection (BC) estimated by fMRI data has been validated to be an effective diagnostic biomarker for MCI. Existing studies mainly focused on the single connection pattern for the neuro-disease diagnosis. Thus, such approaches are commonly insufficient to reveal the underlying changes between groups of MCI patients and normal controls (NCs), thereby limiting their performance. In this context, the information associated with multiple patterns (e.g., functional connectivity or effective connectivity) from single-mode data are considered for the MCI diagnosis. In this paper, we provide a novel multiple connection pattern combination (MCPC) approach to combine different patterns based on the kernel combination trick to identify MCI from NCs. In particular, sixty-three MCI cases and sixty-four NC cases from the ADNI dataset are conducted for the validation of the proposed MCPC method. The proposed method achieves 87.40% classification accuracy and significantly outperforms methods that use a single pattern.

Trajectories of Posttraumatic Growth Following HIV Infection: Does One PTG Pattern Exist?

The aim of this study was to examine the heterogeneity of change of posttraumatic growth (PTG) among people living with HIV (PLWH) in a 1-year prospective study. The goal was also to identify sociodemographic and clinical covariates and differences in baseline coping strategies. Particularly, time since diagnosis and positive reframing coping were of special interest. The sample consisted of 115 people with medically confirmed diagnosis of HIV infection. The participants filled out paper-and-pencil questionnaires three times with an interval of 6 months, including also sociodemographic and clinical data. Four trajectories of PTG were identified: curvilinear, low stable, high stable, and rapid change. Participants’ gender, education level, CD4 count and time since HIV diagnosis occurred to be significant covariates of class membership. Positive reframing and self-distraction differentiated only between the high stable and the rapid change trajectory, with lower values in the latter. The study results call for attention to the complexity of PTG patterns in a face of struggling with HIV infection. Specifically, interventions in clinical practice should take into account the fact that there is no single pattern of PTG that fits all PLWH and that these differences may be related to the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics as well as to coping strategies representing meaning-making mechanism.

A Topology-Based Stereo Matching Method for One Shot 3D Measurement Using Coded Spot-Array Structured Light

In this paper, a topology-based stereo matching method for 3D measurement using a single pattern of coded spot-array structured light is proposed. The pattern of spot array is designed with a central reference ring spot, and each spot in the pattern can be uniquely coded with the row and column indexes according to the predefined topological search path. A method using rectangle templates to find the encoded spots in the captured images is proposed in the case where coding spots are missing, and an interpolation method is also proposed for rebuilding the missing spots. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed technique could exactly and uniquely decode each spot and establish the stereo matching relation successfully, which can be used to obtain three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction with a single-shot method.

Role of Language in Shaping Cultural Identity

This paper aims to explore the role of language in shaping the cultural identity of people in a society with an argumentative explanation based on the relevant literature. The descriptive summary from the documentary analysis in the paper mainly focuses on the positive and communicational role of language to establish the foundation of cultural landscape through the continuous representation and transmission of diverse cultural characteristics such as people’s thoughts, behaviors, cultural histories, traditions, values, principles and boundaries within a socio-cultural context. Moreover, the paper indicates that language as a linguistic channel navigates people’s commonality and unity framing them in a single pattern of cultural identity. It is suggested that every language as a powerful source of introducing cultural politics requires continuous transmission, preservation and promotion by the nation as an opportunity for the new generations to be born with distinct cultural identity.

ОКАЗИОНАЛИЗМИТЕ В МЕДИЙНИЯ ДИСКУРС ПРЕЗ ПЕРИОДА 2014–2020 Г. – ЕТНОПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИ И СЛОВООБРАЗУВАТЕЛНИ АСПЕКТИ / OCCASIONALISMS IN MEDIA DISCOURSE IN THE PERIOD 2014–2020 – ETHNOPSYCHOLOGICAL AND WORD-FORMATION ASPECTS

The study examines occasionalisms excerpted from Bulgarian media texts in the short time span from 2014 to 2020. These newly coined words with strong semantic and emotional intensity are the lexical emanation of Bulgarian ethnopsychology. They represent the linguistic picture of the divided and dichotomised Bulgarian society cha-racterised by egocentricity, ethnoresistance, strive for globalisation, local selfconsciousness, slave complex, fault-finding, imitation of foreign fashions and at the same time – the stigmatisation of everything foreign, among others. The paper analyses occasionalisms as linguistic codes for deciphering the Bulgarian phenotype. They have been grouped according to 11 key ethnopsychological indicators that served as a prerequisite for exploring the participation of occasionalisms in ususbased and nonusus based relations and their connotative dimension, in particular – whether their emotional expressiveness is negative- or positive-evaluative. Further, the author has studied the various word-formation devices occasionalisms employ and has identified both word-formation representations based on familiar linguistic models – ones using a single pattern or a contamination of two or three patterns – and original combinations of two derivational means. Loanwords motivating the formation of occasionalisms have been identified as well. Keywords: media text, Bulgarian phenotype, usus, occasional word-formation, derivational devices, Bulgarian language