Sixth/Twelfth-Century Zaydī Theologians of Yemen Debating Avicennan Philosophy

This article offers critical editions of three texts by Zaydī theologians of sixth/twelfth-century Yemen refuting philosophical notions. The three texts are Qāḍī Jaʿfar b. Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-Salām al-Buhlūlī’s (d. 573/1177-78) Kitāb al-Risāla al-munāṣifa li-l-mutakallimīn wa-l-falāsifa (Masʾalat al-nafs) and two tracts by al-Ḥasan al-Raṣṣāṣ (d. 584/1188), al-Masʾala al-kāshifa ʿan buṭlān shubhat al-falāsifa, a refutation of the philosophers’ doctrine of the eternity of the world, and Masʾala fī ibṭāl al-qawl bi-talāzum al-hayūlā wa-l-ṣūra wa-anna l-jism murakkab minhumā, a refutation of hylomorphism. Qāḍī Jaʿfar’s tract, of which only a fragment has come down to us, contains four extensive quotations from an unidentified philosophical work. These are strikingly similar to those cited by Rukn al-Dīn Ibn al-Malāḥimī (d. 536/1141) in his Tuḥfat al-mutakallimīn fī l-radd ʿalā l-falāsifa; likewise, Qāḍī Jaʿfar’s responses to the arguments of the philosophers closely resemble those given by Ibn al-Malāḥimī. However, a comparison of the relevant passages shows that the possibility that Qāḍī Jaʿfar had consulted Ibn al-Malāḥimī’s Tuḥfa as his source can safely be excluded. Both rather seemed to have relied on a common and so far unidentified source, possibly written by a Muʿtazilī author. Qāḍī Jaʿfar’s tract is thus another early Muʿtazilī critique of Avicennan philosophy that can shed some additional light on the reception of Ibn Sīnā’s (d. 428/1037) philosophy among the mutakallimūn before Ibn al-Malāḥimī.

253. Is Echocardiogram always indicated in Bacteremia?

Background Echocardiography (ECHO) is a commonly used test; and is part of the Duke’s criteria for diagnosing endocarditis (IE). Our objectives were to analyze utilization and results of ECHO in pts with bacteremia growing organisms not typically associated with IE, and to evaluate whether ECHO contributed to a diagnosis of IE. Methods A retrospective review in a 680-bed tertiary care hospital from 2013–2019. Adult pts with bacteremia with at least 2 positive blood cultures for an organism not typically associated with IE such as Streptococcus viridans, Staphylococcus spp. and enterococcus, and who underwent ECHO were included. Data was collected on demographics, blood cultures, timing of ECHO and its’ findings. Modified Duke’s criteria was used to diagnose IE. Results Ninety four pts were included. Mean age 62 yrs. (range 23-91yrs). 50 (53%) were men. DM noted in 49(52%), CAD in 37(39%), CHF in 54 (57%), chronic kidney disease in 22(23%), hemodialysis in 19(20%), history of IE in 9 (10%). Transthoracic ECHO in 34 (36%), transesophageal ECHO in 28(30%), 32(34%) had both. Identifiable sources of bacteremia were urinary tract infection in 9 (10%), pneumonia 5 (5%), PICC line 5 (5%), wound/tissue infection 3 (3%).Clinicians did not specify the indication for ECHO in any of the cases. Unidentified source of bacteremia noted in 72(77%). Bacteremia was community acquired in 70(74%). Mean days of positive blood cultures 5.6 days (range 1–34 days). Gram (-) organism isolated in 44(47%), Gram (+) in 50(53%), of these, 50 (54%) had an implanted devices/indwelling catheter: 39 cardiac implantable device, 12 indwelling/tunneled catheter. The overall yield of ECHO in bacteremia was 11/94 (12%). ECHO in Gram (-) bacteremia had yield of 9% (4/44 pts) of them only 1 met possible IE by Duke’s criteria. Gram (+) bacteremia had an ECHO yield of 14% (7/50pts); of them 4 met possible IE Duke’s criteria. None of the cases met definite criteria for IE. Conclusion Yield of ECHO for the diagnosis of IE in pts with bacteremia with organisms other than Streptococcus viridans, staphylococci or enterococci was low even in the presence of implanted devices or indwelling catheters. Better criteria for ECHO utilization will reduce its use and potentially increase its yield. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Exportation of Monkeypox Virus From the African Continent

Background The largest West African monkeypox outbreak began September 2017, in Nigeria. Four individuals traveling from Nigeria to the United Kingdom (n = 2), Israel (n = 1), and Singapore (n = 1) became the first human monkeypox cases exported from Africa, and a related nosocomial transmission event in the United Kingdom became the first confirmed human-to-human monkeypox transmission event outside of Africa. Methods Epidemiological and molecular data for exported and Nigerian cases were analyzed jointly to better understand the exportations in the temporal and geographic context of the outbreak. Results Isolates from all travelers and a Bayelsa case shared a most recent common ancestor and traveled to Bayelsa, Delta, or Rivers states. Genetic variation for this cluster was lower than would be expected from a random sampling of genomes from this outbreak, but data did not support direct links between travelers. Conclusions Monophyly of exportation cases and the Bayelsa sample, along with the intermediate levels of genetic variation, suggest a small pool of related isolates is the likely source for the exported infections. This may be the result of the level of genetic variation present in monkeypox isolates circulating within the contiguous region of Bayelsa, Delta, and Rivers states, or another more restricted, yet unidentified source pool.

Studying the nature of the unidentified gamma-ray source HESS J1841−055 with the MAGIC telescopes

ABSTRACT We investigate the physical nature and origin of the gamma-ray emission from the extended source HESS J1841−055 observed at TeV and GeV energies. We observed HESS J1841−055 at TeV energies for a total effective time of 43 h with the MAGIC telescopes, in 2012 and 2013. Additionally, we analysed the GeV counterpart making use of about 10 yr of Fermi-LAT data. Using both Fermi-LAT and MAGIC, we study both the spectral and energy-dependent morphology of the source for almost four decades of energy. The origin of the gamma-ray emission from this region is investigated using multiwaveband information on sources present in this region, suggested to be associated with this unidentified gamma-ray source. We find that the extended emission at GeV–TeV energies is best described by more than one source model. We also perform the first energy-dependent analysis of the HESS J1841−055 region at GeV–TeV. We find that the emission at lower energies comes from a diffuse or extended component, while the major contribution of gamma rays above 1 TeV arises from the southern part of the source. Moreover, we find that a significant curvature is present in the combined observed spectrum of MAGIC and Fermi-LAT. The first multiwavelength spectral energy distribution of this unidentified source shows that the emission at GeV–TeV energies can be well explained with both leptonic and hadronic models. For the leptonic scenario, bremsstrahlung is the dominant emission compared to inverse Compton. On the other hand, for the hadronic model, gamma-ray resulting from the decay of neutral pions (π0) can explain the observed spectrum. The presence of dense molecular clouds overlapping with HESS J1841−055 makes both bremsstrahlung and π0-decay processes the dominant emission mechanisms for the source.

First insights into the molecular population structure and origins of the invasive Chinese sleeper, Perccottus glenii, in Europe

The aim of our study was to provide a first overview of the population genetic structure of the invasive Chinese sleeper, Perccottus glenii, (Actinopterygii: Odontobutidae) in European water bodies. This species originates from inland waters of north-eastern China, northern North Korea and the Russian Far East. The 1172 bp long portion of the cytochrome b gene was sequenced from Chinese sleeper specimens collected from a variety of water bodies in Belarus, Bulgaria, Hungary, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia (European part) and Ukraine. Our study revealed that the invasive Chinese sleeper in Europe consists of at least three distinct haplogroups that may represent independent introduction events from different parts of its native area; i.e. three founding populations: (1) Baltic haplogroup that may originate either from fish introduced inadvertent from Russia or from some unidentified source (release by aquarists). So far, this haplogroup has been found only in the Daugava basin in Latvia. (2) East-European haplogroup that may originate from an unintentional introduction to the Volga basin in Russia and has expanded westward. So far, this group was recorded in the Volga, Upper Dnieper and Neman drainages in Belarus, Lithuania, and Russia. (3) Carpathian haplogroup, that originated from individuals unintentionally introduced with Asian cyprinid fishes to Lviv region in Ukraine and are now widely distributed in Central Europe.

Arcminute-scale studies of the interstellar gas towards HESS J1804−216: Still an unidentified TeV γ-ray source

The Galactic TeV ${\gamma}$ -ray source ${\mathrm{HESS\,J}1804{-}216}$ is currently an unidentified source. In an attempt to unveil its origin, we present here the most detailed study of interstellar gas using data from the Mopra Southern Galactic Plane CO Survey, 7- and 12-mm wavelength Mopra surveys and Southern Galactic Plane Survey of HI. Several components of atomic and molecular gas are found to overlap ${\mathrm{HESS\,J}1804{-}216}$ at various velocities along the line of sight. The CS(1-0) emission clumps confirm the presence of dense gas. Both correlation and anti-correlation between the gas and TeV ${\gamma}$ -ray emission have been identified in various gas tracers, enabling several origin scenarios for the TeV ${\gamma}$ -ray emission from ${\mathrm{HESS\,J}1804{-}216}$ . For a hadronic scenario, ${\mathrm{SNR\,G}8.7{-}0.1}$ and the progenitor supernova remnant (SNR) of ${\mathrm{PSR\,J}1803{-}2137}$ require cosmic ray (CR) enhancement factors of ${\mathord{\sim} 50}$ times the solar neighbour CR flux value to produce the TeV ${\gamma}$ -ray emission. Assuming an isotropic diffusion model, CRs from both these SNRs require a slow diffusion coefficient, as found for other TeV SNRs associated with adjacent ISM gas. The morphology of gas located at 3.8 kpc (the dispersion measure distance to ${\mathrm{PSR\,J}1803{-}2137}$ ) tends to anti-correlate with features of the TeV emission from ${\mathrm{HESS\,J}1804{-}216}$ , making the leptonic scenario possible. Both pure hadronic and pure leptonic scenarios thus remain plausible.

Synergistic O3 + OH oxidation pathway to extremely low-volatility dimers revealed in β-pinene secondary organic aerosol

Dimeric compounds contribute significantly to the formation and growth of atmospheric secondary organic aerosol (SOA) derived from monoterpene oxidation. However, the mechanisms of dimer production, in particular the relevance of gas- vs. particle-phase chemistry, remain unclear. Here, through a combination of mass spectrometric, chromatographic, and synthetic techniques, we identify a suite of dimeric compounds (C15–19H24–32O5–11) formed from concerted O3 and OH oxidation of β-pinene (i.e., accretion of O3- and OH-derived products/intermediates). These dimers account for an appreciable fraction (5.9–25.4%) of the β-pinene SOA mass and are designated as extremely low-volatility organic compounds. Certain dimers, characterized as covalent dimer esters, are conclusively shown to form through heterogeneous chemistry, while evidence of dimer production via gas-phase reactions is also presented. The formation of dimers through synergistic O3 + OH oxidation represents a potentially significant, heretofore-unidentified source of low-volatility monoterpene SOA. This reactivity also suggests that the current treatment of SOA formation as a sum of products originating from the isolated oxidation of individual precursors fails to accurately reflect the complexity of oxidation pathways at play in the real atmosphere. Accounting for the role of synergistic oxidation in ambient SOA formation could help to resolve the discrepancy between the measured atmospheric burden of SOA and that predicted by regional air quality and global climate models.