Would you Bribe your Lecturer? A Quasi-experimental Study on Burnout and Bribery in Higher Education

Bribery is a complex and critical issue in higher education (HE), causing severe economic and societal harm. Traditionally, most scholarship on HE corruption has focused on institutional factors in developing countries and insights into the psychological and motivational factors that drive HE bribery on the micro-level mechanisms are virtually non-existent. To close this research gap, this study investigates the connection between study-related burnout and university students’ willingness to offer bribes to their lecturers to pass important exams. Conducting a vignette-based quasi-experimental replication study with 624 university students in Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands we find that university students in three countries differentiate sharply between different shades of bribery and that a majority accept using emotional influence tactics to pass (failed) exams. In contrast, offering a helping hand or money (i.e., darker shades of bribery) to their lecturer was less acceptable. Study-related burnout is associated with a higher likelihood of engaging in these darker shades of bribery and students’ commitment to the public interest is but a weak factor in preventing unethical behavior. In summary, this study provides solid empirical evidence that university students are likely to use emotional influence tactics violating both the ethical codes of conduct and the formalized bureaucratic procedures of HE examination, particularly if they suffer from study-related burnout. However, the accelerating effect of burnout on bribery is conditional in that it only holds for darker shades of bribery. HE institutions may benefit from implementing the four-eye principle and from launching awareness campaigns that enable lecturers to better recognize these tactics and engage students in creating a transparent environment for testing, grading, and collaboration that is resistant to bribery.

Weißmüller & DeWaele - Would you bribe your Lecturer?

Bribery is a complex and critical issue in higher education (HE), causing severe economic and societal harm. Traditionally, most scholarship on HE corruption has focused on institutional factors in developing countries and insights into the psychological and motivational factors that drive HE bribery on the micro-level mechanisms are virtually non-existent. To close this research gap, this study investigates the connection between study-related burnout and university students’ willingness to offer bribes to their lecturers to pass important exams. Conducting a vignette-based quasi-experimental replication study with 624 university students in Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands we find that university students in three countries differentiate sharply between different shades of bribery and that a majority accept using emotional influence tactics to pass (failed) exams. In contrast, offering a helping hand or money (i.e., darker shades of bribery) to their lecturer was less acceptable. Study-related burnout is associated with a higher likelihood of engaging in these darker shades of bribery and students’ commitment to the public interest is but a weak factor in preventing unethical behavior. In summary, this study provides solid empirical evidence that university students are likely to use emotional influence tactics violating both the ethical codes of conduct and the formalized bureaucratic procedures of HE examination, particularly if they suffer from study-related burnout. However, the accelerating effect of burnout on bribery is conditional in that it only holds for darker shades of bribery. HE institutions may benefit from implementing the four-eye principle and from launching awareness campaigns that enable lecturers to better recognize these tactics and engage students in creating a transparent environment for testing, grading, and collaboration that is resistant to bribery.

PERKAWINAN DI BAWAH UMUR DAN TANTANGAN DALAM MENCAPAI SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

The SDGs have a goal of empowering women and the practice of underage marriage. However, this is still happen in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is first, analyze the protection to children who are involved in underage marriages. Second, analyze the role of Indonesia in realizing the fifth goal of the SDGs. The method used in this research is normative juridical. The primary legal materials used are Law Number 16 of 2019, Law Number 35 of 2014, Law Number 25 of 2004. The theories used in this study are Theory of Legal Effectiveness by Soerjono Soekanto and Theory of Welfare by Bagir Manan. Based on the research results, the protection has not been effective because of the weak factor of substance, infrastructure, society and existing legal culture. However, the Indonesian government has a strategy in achieving the five SDGs but it has not been effective in releasing.

Resilience Reporting for Sustainable Development in Cities

Recently, a new paradigm has emerged—the resilient city. It is an evolutionary concept rooted in recent—but more consolidated—city visions, such as a smart city or a sustainable city, from which it inherits the interweaving of different dimensions. This paper investigates the factors behind effective resilience reporting, as well as how a city should draw up an urban resilience strategy report to be accountable to its citizens. We first highlighted the main factors to design and implement reporting for the achievement of strategic resilience goals, by combining research on a resilient city and accountability practices. These factors could be organized following two different perspectives: political and sociotechnical. Then, we applied our framework to four pioneering municipalities selected as paradigmatic case studies. A qualitative content analysis applied to the city resilience reports has provided depth to our framework. We found that the “weak factor” is the ability to embed the resilience strategy in rooted connections and transform itself into an ecosystem that crosscuts different sectoral urban processes. Our exploratory research claims could be used for future research in this field, as cities are becoming increasingly complex systems, where the quality of life and well-being of a larger population depends.

Is the Long Memory Factor Important for Extending the Fama and French Five-Factor Model: Evidence from China

This paper proposes a new factor model, which is built upon the marriage of the Fama and French five-factor model and a long memory factor based on the monthly data of the A-share market in the Chinese stock market from January 2010 to July 2020. We first examine the explanatory power of the Fama and French five-factor model. We find strong market factor return of market (RM), size factor small minus big (SMB), and value factor high minus low (HML) but weak factor robust minus weak (RMW) and investment factor conservative minus aggressive (CMA). Then, both the Hurst exponent and the momentum factors (MOM) are added to the model to test the improvement of the explanatory power of these two new factors. We find that both the momentum factor and the Hurst exponent factor can effectively improve the explanatory power of the model. The momentum factor captures the short-term trend, but it cannot completely replace the Hurst exponent, which reflects the long memory effect.

0403 Sleep Valuation: A Novel Construct and Questionnaire

Introduction Sleep valuation, the relative worth of one’s own sleep, is an under-explored construct that could have implications on sleep health. This study sought to validate the Sleep Valuation Questionnaire (SVQ) and to explore demographic differences in sleep valuation. Methods Participants (N = 946) recruited through TurkPrime were stratified across age (18-99), race (50% White, 17% Black, and 8.33% for each American Indian, Asian, Pacific Islander, and other), Hispanic ethnicity (20%), gender (50/50 female/male), employment status (50% employed full time and 8.33% for each part time, homemaker, retired, student, temp worker. unemployed, and disabled), Participants completed a demographic survey, followed by the original 43 item SVQ completed twice. Iterated principal factoring with a Promax solution was used to identify the factor structure of the SVQ. Cronbach’s alpha and correlation analyses were also used to help identify items with poor reliability. Total sleep valuation, the sum of valid items on the SVQ, was used as the dependent variable in a multiple regression analysis. Age, gender, race, work status, socioeconomic status, educational level, marital status, and general health and mental health estimates served as independent variables. Results After removing items with weak factor loadings (<0.6), poor reliability, and weak face validity, the number of items were reduced to 10, which loaded on to 2 factors: Sleep Desire and Sleep Need. Those who cohabitate had lower SVQ scores than married individuals (p=0.04), full-time workers had higher SVQ scores than non-full-time workers (p=0.001), higher age was associated with lower SVQ scores (p<0.001), and higher general mental health was associated with lower SVQ scores (p<0.001). Conclusion This is the first study to explore how demographic variables relate to sleep valuation. The SVQ may help identify factors that contribute to sleep valuation and sleep valuation relates to sleep behavior, sleep health, and sleep treatment utilization. Support None