Menakar Kelayakan Pinjaman Pemulihan Ekonomi Nasional (PEN) Daerah pada Kabupaten Bone Bolango

This study aims to assess the feasibility of regional national economic recovery loans (PEN) in Bone Bolango Regency, by analyzing 4 (four) indicators of eligibility requirements for granting Regional PEN Loans, namely (1) the area is affected by Covid 19; (2) have a Regional Economic Recovery program or activity that supports the National Economic Recovery program; (3) The remaining amount of the loan plus the amount of the loan to be withdrawn does not exceed 75 percent of the general revenue of the previous year's Regional Government Budget; (4) meet the ratio of regional financial capacity to repay regional loans of at least 2.5 percent.The first and second indicators were tested using desk study analysis. then the third and fourth indicators are tested by analyzing the financial statements of the Bone Bolango Regency in 2020 and calculating the Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR) to assess the ability of the region to repay loans. The results showed that Bone Bolango Regency deserved a regional loan from the Central Government. This is because Bone Bolango fulfills 4 (four) loan requirements for the national economic recovery area.

Generating Financial Resources for Health

The majority of developing countries in Asia have been making reforms to their health systems for decades but have still failed to achieve their targets for universal health coverage (UHC), that is, ensuring that all people obtain the health services they need without suffering financial hardship when paying for them, and the health- and poverty-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Countries in Asia rely on a mixture of healthcare financing sources, such as government general revenue, social health insurance (SHI), external funding, private health insurance and out-of-pocket (OOP) payments. Asian countries generally spend between 1% and 10% of their national GDP on health. There are variations in government investment in health as a proportion of total health expenditure across countries, from 23.4% in Japan to Myanmar’s 4.8%. Many governments in Asia have introduced various types of publicly financed health insurance schemes (SHI). The private sector, in providing healthcare, has expanded rapidly, because many national health systems are not able to cope with rising costs, especially for co-payment, and the increasing demand for services. The introduction of private health insurance has reduced OOP payments and, in the long run, could evolve a broader SHI system. As a result of the low levels of government spending, OOP payments by health consumers constitute a large share of health expenditures, amounting to more than US$0.5 trillion or US$80 per capita annually. Rapid increases in development assistance for health (DAH) since 2000 have resulted in major health gains in the poorest countries, yet DAH levels have stagnated in recent years. DAH must evolve to help accelerate progress toward UHC.

Sustainable Financing for New Vaccines in Indonesia: Challenges and Strategies

Immunization is one of the most cost-effective interventions in global health and has a crucial role in achieving 14 of the 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs). The issue of sustainable financing for new vaccines is particularly pertinent as Indonesia transitions away from extensive Gavi support towards a self-financing immunization system. As the current immunization system transitions, practical solutions must be found and applied to provide more flexibility in the budget for financing immunizations without sacrificing the current healthcare system’s needs. Despite the fact that economic evaluation studies are essential as an initial step to ensure financial readiness, the lack of reliable data is the first barrier to Indonesia’s journey toward a self-financing immunization system. To overcome this problem, standardization of data collection strategies and methodologies are required. In particular, Indonesia may have to explore other options to increase revenue for its immunization system, such as through general revenue from the central government, a sector-wide approach to financing, and a national trust fund. To deal with the tight immunization budget and its consequences, Indonesia also has to restructure its immunization system, which can be implemented through province block grants, insurance mandate and subsidy. Taking the potential of a COVID-19 vaccine into account, the Indonesian government should consider a number of costs and issues beyond the development and procurement of vaccines. The costs of delivering vaccines to the remote parts of Indonesia, implementing the necessary infrastructure, and modifying vaccine delivery are also important in this time of transition. These constraints must be addressed in the new self-financing system and other public health efforts must be increased to decrease the burden of infectious disease as Indonesia develops a stronger immunization system.

A Study on Rural Marketing Management of Indian FMCG Product

FMCG is the fourth biggest sector in the Indian economy, where the urban fragment contributes about 55% to the general revenue produced by the sector. Nonetheless, with web entrance, growing mindfulness, expanding income and evolving ways of life, the FMCG market has seen faster growth in rural India when contrasted with the urban partners. FMCG products are accounted for to represent half of the complete rural spending, which is a verification of the fast growth in the semi-urban and rural consumers in the industry. This enormous growth of the rural market in India has moved the marketable combat zones for the FMCG companies from urban to rural. The rural market today is offering boundless chances to the businesses to connect with almost 33% of the area’s populace. Web infiltration has made information available for the rural Indian consumers who are affecting their purchase choices. The focal point of these consumers is moving towards esteem based purchases rather than price-based buying. They are presently considering price in examination with utility, worth, and highlights of the products. Companies that prior treated the rural market as a freedom ground for their lower-end products are presently realizing the need to concentrate on the prerequisites of the rural customers. The core of India lies in its towns, and today it is practically difficult to prevail in business on the off chance that we leave the area’s rural populace behind. Companies, particularly in the FMCG sector, need to comprehend the elements of the blossoming rural market and think of creative systems to win the trust of these potential consumers and to remain important in the market. Hence, the present study has been focused on the study on Rural Marketing Management of Indian FMCG Product and study based on secondary sources of data collections.

Reconsidering the Challenges of Earmarked Taxes for Highways

A prominent theme in US federal infrastructure policy is the near-term insolvency of the Highway Trust Fund (HTF), the dedicated financing stream for highways and public transit. The HTF is projected to exhaust its reserves by 2022 and require more than $170 billion in cumulative general revenue transfers by 2029, leading to widespread funding uncertainty for nationally-significant surface transportation infrastructure and a dramatic increase in the national debt. This paper examines three countries - Japan, England, and Australia - that chose to eliminate earmarked taxes for highways and examines whether their infrastructure benefited as a result. International outcomes were mixed as to whether federal investments in highways and road quality remained robust following the intervention. But such a solution, with stringent safeguards, could provide an answer to the HTF solvency issue in upcoming surface transportation reauthorization legislation.

Dynamic pricing in different Spanish resort hotels

The present study uses data on seven 4-star hotels belonging to the same multinational hotel chain located in different Spanish regions. The objective is to estimate the dynamic prices that allow the hotel revenue maximization during high season. The study includes the demand functions of seven resort hotels and implements a dynamic pricing deterministic model to estimate the prices that will maximize the hotel revenue for each date of stay. The results point out general revenue management implications, mainly that hotels located in the same destination should follow individualized pricing policies, more focused in the specific hotel and tourists’ characteristics; while in practice, hotel companies apply similar pricing policies to hotels located in the same destination. Furthermore, the deterministic model performs well with the data available on seven different hotels with different customer profiles and hotel characteristics.

Evolution of Tax Receipts on Motorized Vehicles Recovered by the General Direction of the Receipts of the Tshopo Province from 2012 to 2016

Objectives: This study aims to determine over time how the tax levied on motor vehicles has behaved in relation to the investment incentives put in place; to determine the year in which these receipts performed well among those considered in our study and to determine the year in which revenues were low. Methods: The sample consisted of revenues from the tax on motor vehicles recovered by the General Revenue Directorate of the Tshopo Province from 2012 to 2016 in Kisangani. We used the statistical method supported by the documentary analysis, the technique of observation and free interview for the collection of data. Results: The study found that the real tax on motor vehicles had decreased in the Tshopo Province from 2012 to 2016. This invalidates our first hypothesis. The 2014 financial year remains the best performing year with a strong performance, confirming our second hypothesis.

Democratize Health Policy Through Citizen’s Charter in North Bengkulu District

This research is analyzing about how the policy of democratization and regional autonomy can born Citizen’s Charter in public sevice. The purpose of the regional autonomy implementation is to shortening the distance of service among goverment and the society, so the local goverment can understand more about desires, aspirations and needs of the community compared with the central government who has longer distance from the society. The effort to shortening the distance makes the execution of regional autonomy needs some changes and inovations in giving the service in order to match with the society needs. The result of this research shows that the democratization and regional autonomy policy still can’t born the Citizen’s Charter in local public service yet, particularly in health care services contract in the Arga Makmur city, North Bengkulu. Realization of the Citizen’s Charter principles in the Puskesmas Arga Makmur, North Bengkulu district is proved to have different characteristics with the Citizen’s Charter which occurred in Java commonly. In North Bengkulu, the implementation of the Citizen’s Charter not only need strong political will from local goverment, budget support (General Revenue and Expenditure Budget/ APBD), the availability of adequate infrastructure, commitment and quality of the resource officers, community support, the importance of shifting paradigm in society toward formal treatment like Puskesmas, but also need a personal leadership for the head of Puskesmas. Without any initiation from personal leadership, it can be sure that the implementation of Citizen’s Charter in regional seems can’t be running well.

Taxation Measures under the Energy Charter Treaty after the Yukos Awards Articles 21(1) and 21(5) Revisited

As the number of investment arbitrations under the Energy Charter Treaty has soared in recent years, parties and arbitrators have faced arguments concerning its Article 21 on taxation measures, which had seldom been applied before. In 2014, the tribunal ruling on the Yukos trilogy held that even though Article 21 excludes taxation from the scope of the treaty, the carve-out could apply “only to bona fide taxation actions, i.e., actions that are motivated by the purpose of raising general revenue for the State”. Article 21 also provides that in cases regarding expropriation “[t]he Investor or the Contracting Party alleging expropriation shall refer the issue of whether the tax is an expropriation or whether the tax is discriminatory to the relevant Competent Tax Authority. Failing such referral by the Investor” in cases of investor-state arbitration, the tribunal “shall make a referral to the relevant Competent Tax Authorities”. The Yukos tribunal considered said referral to be a futile exercise when it is unequivocal that the host State acted in bad faith towards the foreign investor. As a consequence of the Yukos trilogy, the Energy Charter Secretariat has published a report on the issue that recommends potential amendments to clarify Article 21. A number of investor-state arbitral tribunals have also addressed these issues since the Yukos trilogy. Taking a public international law approach, this article critically explores awards and decisions rendered by those tribunals, paying particular attention to their findings on Article 21 vis-à-vis the sovereign power to tax. This article concludes that recent awards dealing with Article 21 arguments have struck an appropriate balance between the prerogatives of States and their obligations under the Energy Charter Treaty. Thus, the article affirms that no amendment seems necessary.