Behavioural responses of the tiger beetle larva to moving objects: role of binocular and monocular vision

The larva of the tiger beetle Cicindela chinensis is an ambushing hunter with a body length of 15–22 mm that lives in a tunnel in the ground. It ambushes prey, keeping its head horizontal at the opening of the tunnel. When prey approaches the tunnel, the larva jumps to snap at it. When an object moves beyond its jumping range (approximately 15 mm), however, the larva quickly withdraws deep into the tunnel. These responses are mediated by two of six pairs of stemmata. How does the larva judge the hunting range using such a simple visual system? A previous study suggested that both binocular and monocular vision are used for distance estimation. Range estimation by binocular vision was further confirmed in the present behavioural observations: larvae jumped towards objects beyond the normal hunting range when virtual images of such distant objects were formed close to the larva using prisms or a narrow window. A possible mechanism involved in range estimation by monocular vision was also examined in behavioural experiments. The depth of the image in the retina appears to play a role in distance estimation because a larva with one functional stemma, the other stemmata being occluded, changed its response to a very distant object from an escape to a predatory jump when a concave lens was placed above its head. Two alternative ideas, based on optical and morphological data, are proposed to explain this behavioural change by the one-stemma larvae. First, as for myopic people, the larva might see clearly only objects that are close. Second, an infinitely distant object might produce a focused image only on the central part of the retina, whereas an object within hunting range (<15 mm) might do so on surrounding regions of the retina. The latter idea implies that the region of the retina at which the larva perceives a clear image is concerned with which type of behaviour is released, a predatory jump or an escape. We conclude that visual information about hunting range in the tiger beetle larva is extracted both peripherally by the spatial pattern of image clarity and centrally by binocular vision.

Observations on the “ Furau ” (Cicindelidae) of Northern Nigeria

In the “ Furau,” or Tiger-beetle larva of Nigeria, the digestion of the prey is mainly extra-intestinal. A dark brown slightly acid fluid, which is actively proteolytic and causes blackening of the tissues, is ejected from the intestine of the larva and dissolves the tissues of the prey. The resulting fluid is swept towards the mouth by the labium and re-ingested.The bites of the larvae had no effect upon the skin of a monkey or of man, and there is little doubt that the larvae have no relation to the inflammatory lesion of the foot of man, which also is called “ Furau ” in Northern Nigeria.