Factors Affecting the Income of Palm Sugar SMEs in Kaidipang District, North Bolaang Mongondow Regency

This study aims to determine the factors that influence the income of palm sugar SMEs in Kaidipang District, North Bolaang Mongondow Regency. This type of research is survey research. Survey research is research that takes a sample from one population and uses a questionnaire as the main data collection tool. The types of data used in this research are primary data and secondary data. primary data is data obtained directly from the first source of the field in the form of data obtained through interviews. The results of the study show that capital has a positive but not significant effect on the income of SMEs. Capital has a positive effect on the income of SMEs. The number of workers has a positive and significant effect on the income of SMEs in North Bolaang Mongondow district. Raw materials have a positive but not significant effect on MSME income. The level of education has a negative effect on the income of palm sugar SMEs. Technology has a positive but not significant effect on the income of palm sugar SMEs. MSME Income = 4.739 + 0.065 Capital + 0.298 Total Labor + 0.132 Raw Materials - 0.079 Education Level + 0.162 Technology + e

Economic Contributions of Visitor Spending in Ocean Recreation in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary

Understanding the economic value of marine sanctuaries such as the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS) is important to justify public and private investments and to provide information to support management activities and understand their role in the nation’s blue economy. Very few studies have employed economic contribution analysis in examining economic value, even though it is more useful in influencing the behaviors of decision makers. This study therefore employs such a methodology to determine the economic importance of tourism and visitor spending in the sanctuary to Monroe County, Florida’s economy. Visitors who came to the area for ocean recreation and tourism spent a total of USD 1.7 billion, which translates to a contribution of 19,688 total jobs, USD 752 million in total labor income, USD 1.2 billion in total value added, and USD 2 billion in total output to the region. With regard to the spending of snorkelers and divers only, total spending is about USD 1.07 billion, contributing about 12,441 total jobs, USD 466 million in total labor income, USD 767 million in total value added, and USD 1.2 billion in total output. Ocean recreation is therefore an important economic driver in the region and efforts should be directed at protecting the diverse and sensitive ecosystem of the sanctuary.

Profitability, marketing, and resource use efficiency of ginger production in Rukum west, Nepal

The study was designed to investigate the profitability, marketing, and resource use efficiency of ginger production in Rukum west. The sample size of 62 ginger-growing farmers out of 187 farmers was determined using slovin’s formula. In addition, 20 traders from two major market hubs Simrutu and Jhulneta were interviewed. The pre-tested semi-structured interview schedule was administered to interview a randomly selected sample size. Data were analyzed using descriptive and statistical tools, including the Cobb-Douglas production function. Result showed that the average area under ginger cultivation was 0.14 ha. A major portion (46.56%) of the cost was found to be incurred by the seed alone in ginger cultivation. The benefit-cost ratio (2.02) indicates that ginger production enterprise was profitable. The productivity of ginger in the study area was estimated to be 11.39 Mt/ha, while per kg cost of production was found to be (NRs 35.67 = USD 0.30). Most of the gross income (78.85%) was found to be contributed by fresh ginger. Similarly, gross margin, market margin, and producer’s share were found to be 21.16, 33.33, and 62.97%, respectively, for 1 kg of ginger. The indexing technique identified high-cost with low-quality seed and price instability as the major problems associated with the production and marketing of ginger, respectively. Cobb-Douglas production function estimated the value of return to scale at 0.889, implying that ginger production exhibited decreasing returns to scale. A study on resource allocative efficiency revealed that farm yard manure and total labor were underutilized resources while seed rhizome was overutilized resource. Thus, for optimal allocation of resources, expenditure on farm yard manure and total labor need to be increased by 87.374% and 39.908%, respectively. The study concluded that an effort should be made to bridge the gap between optimal resource utilization and current practices. For this, it is prime important to interconnect the combined efforts of ginger growers, provincial government, or any developing partners.

Biological capacity of Mongolian native cattle

Unique biological quality of Mongolian livestock that helps the animal withstand the cold and feed shortage seasons in despite of feeding pasture plants only for all year round is an evidence of its pasture usability. Better growth of hair and wool of hardy Mongolian livestock, which are able to grow under severe natural and climatic conditions, during summer and autumn, and fibers appeared around the hair base during cold season make the animals resistant to cold. Mongolia has a long tradition of raising livestock in the vast territory. This is based on a system of pastoral herding consisting of five kinds of livestock. Mongolians have specific, historical traditions of nomadic ways for pastoral animal breeding. Since ancient times they are bred the five kinds of livestock with unique capabilities, adapted to four seasons grazing under harsh natural and climatic conditions of Central Asian mountainous and used their benefits. Although Mongolian livestock breeds are well adapted to harsh weather conditions, their productivity is not especially high. Animal husbandry is the fundamental source of food consumption and raw materials for the national economy, contributing 20% of the total GDP. Livestock workers make up 34.5% of the total labor force. The livestock sector is responsible for 90% of total agricultural production and comprises 12.5% of all exports. Currently, Mongolia has: 2 breeds and 2 strains of horses, 4 breeds of camel, 3 breeds and 1 breeding group of cattle, 13 breeds, 3 breed groups and 3 breeding races and 3 strains of sheep and 7 breeds, 4 strains of goats forming genetic resources of Mongolian livestock. The main products of the livestock sector are meat, milk, wool, cashmere and hides. Due to the harsh climatic conditions of Mongolian livestock, their wools grow well in the summer and autumn, and during the cold season, cashmere is covered with cashmere and they are resistant to cold. Mongolians have specific historical traditions of managing nomadic husbandry of five types of livestock populations, which are adapted to all year round grazing under severe natural and climatic conditions of Central Asian plateau, growing and breeding of wealth producing livestock populations and utilizing their animal products since ancient times.

The impact of firm size on the performance of Vietnamese private enterprises: A case study

This article investigates the effect of firm size on the performance of Vietnamese private enterprises. Based on the data from the Annual Enterprise Survey from 2009 to 2018, this study uses an ordinary least-squares regression model (OLS) to point out the effects of firm size (growth rate, total assets, and total labor) on the performance of Vietnamese private enterprises in both static and dynamic states. According to the results of the quantitative model, total assets are the biggest factor for determining firm performance, followed by total labor and growth rate. The results highlight the issue in Vietnamese private enterprises development in terms of scale, despite the fact that their number is growing, as the scale of enterprises decreases (the proportion of micro and small enterprises increases, but the proportion of medium and big enterprises decreases). Besides, the disadvantages of scale also negatively affect the development process of Vietnamese private enterprises, including accessing capital, increase in production or productivity, business expansion, and improving competitiveness. AcknowledgmentsThis research is supported by the National Science Project “Development of Private Enterprises in the Southwest Region in the new context” (KHCN-TNB/14-19/X15).

VETERINARY SERVICE OF THE DAIRY COMPLEX: PROBLEMS AND WAYS TO SOLVE THEM

The article analyzes the activities of the veterinary service of a large livestock enterprise during which it was found that the average annual number of sick cows with one or another non-infectious pathology is 968 heads (30 % of the total livestock), while medical work is only 16 % of the total labor costs. in addition, the responsibilities of veterinary specialists include conducting diagnostic studies, preventive vaccinations, measures for the prevention of non-communicable pathology at the complex, veterinary and sanitary work, etc. The analysis of the need for veterinary specialists of the analyzed agricultural organization was carried out to establish the compliance of the existing number of veterinary service workers with the standards, calculations found that 13 veterinary specialists are needed for effective veterinary service of the farm, with 8 available.

Analysis of Factors Associated With Variability and Acidosis of the Umbilical Artery pH at Birth

Background: Perinatal asphyxia is a significant contributing factor for neonatal morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical factors associated with umbilical artery pH variability and fetal acidosis at birth.Methods: This is a single center cross-sectional study in a public regional hospital in southeastern Spain from January to December 2019. The reference population was 1.655 newborns, final sample of 312 experimental units with validated values of umbilical cord blood pH.Results: Factors such as gestational age at term (X̄at-term: 7.26 ± 0.08-X̄no-at−term: 7.31 ± 0.05, p: 0.00), primiparity (X̄primiparity: 7.24 ± 0.078-X̄multiparity: 7.27 ± 0.08, p: 0.01), induced labor (X̄induced: 7.24 ± 0.07-X̄spontaneous: 7.26 ± 0.081, p: 0.02), vaginal delivery (X̄vaginal:7.25 ± 0.08-X̄cesarean:7.27 ± 0.07, p: 0.01), and prolonged dilation duration (X̄AboveAverage: 7.22 ± 0.07-X̄BelowAverage: 7.27 ± 0.08, p: 0.00), expulsion duration (X̄AboveAverage: 7.23 ± 0.07-X̄BelowAverage: 7.26 ± 0.08, p: 0.01), and total labor duration (X̄AboveAverage: 7.23 ± 0.07-X̄BelowAverage: 7.27 ± 0.08, p: 0.00) are associated with a decrease in umbilical artery pH at birth. However, only three factors are associated with acidosis pH (<7.20) of the umbilical artery at birth: the induction of labor [OR: 1.74 (95% CI: 0.98–3.10); p: 0.04], vaginal delivery [OR: 2.09 (95% CI: 0.95–4.61); p: 0.04], and total duration of labor [OR: 2.06 (95% CI: 1.18–3.57); p: 0.01].Conclusions: Although several factors may affect the variability of umbilical artery pH at birth by decreasing their mean values (gestational age, primiparity, induced labor, vaginal delivery and prolonged: dilation duration, expulsion duration and total labor duration), only induction of labor, vaginal delivery and total duration of labor are associated with an acidosis (<7.20) of same.

Impact of a Contract Farming Scheme on Income, Food Security, and Nutrition among Maize Farmers in North Western, Nigeria

Background: The study examined the impact of a contract farming scheme on the farmers’ income, food security, and nutrition. Methods: Simple random sampling was used to select 100 respondents for the study. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics as well the Propensity Score Matching technique. Results: The major determinants of participation in contract farming included commercialization index, distance from the collection center, and total labor available in the household. The average treatment effect on the treated, the average effect of the treatment, and the average treatment on the untreated shows that contract farming will enhance the income from Maize production by ₦50234.8 ($131.79)/hectare, ₦37170.8 ($97.53)/hectare, and ₦28809.8 ($75.59)/hectare respectively. Conclusion: Contract farming participation can affect farming households negatively if food security concerns are not considered into the contract farming agreements.

Economic Growth Modelling in West Nusa Tenggara Using Bayesian Spatial Model Approach

Economic growth is a measure of the welfare of the people in an area. Economic movement is characterized by the number of goods and services produced. The high amount of goods produced and the services used are of course strongly influenced by the amount of available capital, the labor involved, and the level of technology used. The measuring instrument or a reflection of economic growth is the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP). The purpose of this study is to model economic growth in NTB in 2018. In this study, GRDP modeling was carried out using the Bayesian Spatial approach. Based on the results of testing the spatial dependency and spatial heterogeneity, it shows that there is a spatial dependence on the GRDP of districts / cities in NTB Province.. From the analysis conducted, it was found that was positive and insignificant at the 10% level. The parameter estimation results show that the number of workers, the value of capital and the number of workers weighed are variables that have a significant effect on the model. Thus the GRDP of an area in West Nusa Tenggara is influenced by the number of workers, the value of capital and the total labor weight and the GRDP of other surrounding areas.