Lactate Metabolism in Breast Cancer Microenvironment: Contribution Focused on Associated Adipose Tissue and Obesity

Metabolic reprogramming that favors high glycolytic flux with lactate production in normoxia is among cancer hallmarks. Lactate is an essential oncometabolite regulating cellular redox homeostasis, energy substrate partitioning, and intracellular signaling. Moreover, malignant phenotype’s chief characteristics are dependent on the interaction between cancer cells and their microenvironment. In breast cancer, mammary adipocytes represent an essential cellular component of the tumor milieu. We analyzed lactate concentration, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and isozyme pattern, and LDHA/LDHB protein expression and tissue localization in paired biopsies of breast cancer tissue and cancer-associated adipose tissue in normal-weight and overweight/obese premenopausal women, compared to benign breast tumor tissue and adipose tissue in normal-weight and overweight/obese premenopausal women. We show that higher lactate concentration in cancer tissue is concomitant with a shift in isozyme pattern towards the “muscle-type” LDH and corresponding LDHA and LDHB protein expression changes. In contrast, significantly higher LDH activity in cancer-associated adipose tissue seems to be directed towards lactate oxidation. Moreover, localization patterns of LDH isoforms varied substantially across different areas of breast cancer tissue. Invasive front of the tumor showed cell-specific protein localization of LDHA in breast cancer cells and LDHB in cancer-associated adipocytes. The results suggest a specific, lactate-centric relationship between cancer tissue and cancer-associated adipose tissue and indicate how cancer-adipose tissue cross-talk may be influenced by obesity in premenopausal women.

Isozyme Pattern and Morpho-agronomical Traits Based Genetic Divergence Studies in Maize (Zea mays L.) Inbreds

The present investigation was carried out with an objective to study genetic divergence based on morpho-agronomical traits and isozyme pattern in eight maize inbreds. These inbreds were evaluated in randomized block design with three replication for ten morph-agronomical traits. Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis technique used to study the isozyme polymorphism in different tissues of eight inbreds. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the inbreds for all the ten morpho-agronomical traits. Nature and extent of genetic divergence for morpho-agronomical traits was measured using average taxonomic distances as a measure of dissimilarity coefficient. Eight inbreds were clustered into four groups (A, B, C, D) based on dissimilarity coefficient. Cluster B and cluster D showed the highest inter cluster distance (2.2422) and the lowest was observed between clusters B and C (1.0401). Cluster A exhibited the highest intra cluster distance (0.8519). Based on inter cluster distances inbreds present in cluster B and D were found more diverse consisted of inbred CML 186 and CM 600 respectively. Six isozyme systems were used for characterization and divergence studies based on similarity coefficients. Inbreds were classified into six clusters (A, B, C, D, E and F). The lowest (0.5957) similarity coefficient exist between inbreds CM 600 and CML 176 and the highest (0.8132) existed between inbreds CML 186 and CML 144. Cluster analysis in both cases reflected the moderate level of genetic divergence among the inbred lines but result may not be completely similar, but somewhat distinct and complementary in nature. Isozyme patterns was found to effective in revealing the nature of relationship among the inbred lines Therefore, divergence study using one estimate can’t replace the need to evaluate the relationship on the basis of the other which may be to used as parents in hybridization programme.

Ambiguous skin ulcer on the ear pinna

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic disease which has a biphasic life cycle; infection by promastigotes from the sandfly reaches a wound where it is phagocytosed by macrophages, producing the amastigote (the Leishmania donovani body) in the host. A protozoan parasite transmitted by the phlebotomous sandfly causes human leishmaniasis. Cutaneous forms include classical cutaneous, mucocutaneous and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. It affects c. 300 million individuals in more than 90 nations around the globe. The cutaneous form in the Old World is caused at low altitudes mainly by L. major (which has an animal reservoir, rodents such as mouse) and in swampy regions and high altitudes by L. tropica (which has no animal reservoir). L. aethiopica and L. major lead to disseminated ulcers in Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, India, Tunisia, Sudan and Ethiopia, whose main electrophoretic isozyme pattern Zymodeme in Saudi Arabia is LON-4.

Pengaruh batang bawah terhadap pola pita isoenzim dan protein batang atas pada okulasi tanaman karet (Hevea brasiliensis Muell Arg.) The effect of root stocks on isozymes and protein partterns of scion the budgrafting of rubber plant (Hevea brasiliensis Muell Arg.)

RingkasanHeterogenitas batang bawah pada sistem okulasi Hevea brasiliensis dapat menyebabkan interaksi batang bawah dengan batang atas dapat menimbulkan berbagai tingkat keragaman respons antar individu batang atas dari klon yang sama. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh berbagai jenis batang bawah terhadap respons batang atas dari klon karet yang sama pada okulasi, berdasarkan perubahan pola pita protein, dan isoenzim esterase (EST), asam fospatase (AP), malat dehidrogenase (MDH), fosfogluko oksaloasetat (PGD), fosfo glukosa isomerase (PGI), peroksidase (PER), sikimik dehidrogenase (SKD), glutamat oksaloasetat (GOT) dan leusin aminopeptidase (LAP) dari daun atau lateks batang atas. Kombinasi diuji adalah klon (a) batang atas klon PB260 yang dikombinasikan dengan PR255, BPM1, LCB1320, PR300, AVROS2037, RRIM712 dan GT1, sebagai kontrol GT1/GT1. (b) sebagai batang atas adalah BPM1, BPM24, RRIC100 dan RRIC102 yang dikombinasikan dengan batang bawah BPM1, BPM24, RRIC100, RRIC101, RRIC102 dan RRIC110. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan adanya perubahan pola pita protein lateks PB260 yang diokulasikan pada PR255, BPM1, LCB1320, PR300, AVROS2037, RRIM712 sebagai batang bawah. BPM1, BPM24, RRIC100, RRIC102 sebagai batang atas dengan BPM1, BPM24, RRIC100, RRIC101, RRIC102 dan RRIC110 menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan pola pita protein lateks dari klon yang sama. Terjadi induksi pembentukan protein baru dengan BM 24 kDa pada kombinasi okulasi PB260/ PR255, BPM1/RRIC100, BPM24/ RRIC100, BPM24/RRIC102 dan BPM24/ RRIC110. Hasil analisis isoenzim pada lateks dan daun batang atas menunjukkan bahwa isoenzim MDH, PGD, PGI, PER, SKD, GOT dan LAP menghasilkan pita yang monomorfik untuk seluruh kombinasi okulasi yang diuji. Polimorfisme EST ditemukan pada PR255/PB260, LCB1320/ PB260, GT1/PB260, BPM24/ RRIC100 dan BPM24/RRIC101. Sedang polimorfisme AP ditemukan pada PR255/ PB260, LCB1320/PB260, GT1/ PB260, BPM24/ RRIC101, BPM24/ RRIC102, dan RRIC100/RRIC110. Polimorfisme untuk MDH dan SKD juga ditemukan pada PR255/PB260, LCB1320/PB260 dan GT1/ PB260. Berdasarkan sidik gerombol dan UPGMA dari penggabungan data analisis SDS-PAGE protein dan isoenzim menunjukkan bahwa batang atas dari klon yang sama yang diokulasikan pada berbagai batang bawah yang berbeda, umumnya berada dalam satu sub kelompok yang sama. Namun tingkat kesamaan genetiknya beragam, hal ini menunjukkan adanya perbedaan pengaruh batang bawah terhadap batang atas yang sama. SummaryThe heterogenity of root stocks leads to stock-scion interactions resulting in considerable variation at different level among the population of a single clone. The aim of this research is to study the effect of several rootstock on scion of the rubber clone, based on the changes on budding patterns of leaf or latex protein and isozymes esterase (EST, acid phosphatase (AP), malat dehydrogenase (MDH), phosphogluco oxaloacetate (PGD), phospho glucose isomerase (PGI), peroxidase (PER), shikimic dehydrogenase (SKD), glutamate oxaloacetate (GOT) and leucyne aminopeptidase (LAP), bands pattern. The combinations stocks/scions tested were (a) scion PB260 clone combined with PR255, BPM1, LCB1320, PR300, AVROS2037, RRIM712 and GT1. Control combinations used were GT1/GT1 and (b) as a scion BPM1, BPM24, RRIC100 dan RRIC102 combined with BPM1, BPM24, RRIC100, RRIC101, RRIC102 and RRIC110. The results showed that latex protein bands pattern of PB 260 as a scion were changed in combination with PR255, BPM1, LCB1320, PR300, AVROS2037, RRIM712 as a rootstocks. BPM1, BPM24, RRIC100, RRIC101, RRIC102 and RRIC110 as a rootstocks caused the changes of the latex protein patterns of BPM1, BPM24, RRIC100, RRIC102 as a scion. The interaction among stock/scion showed by the changes on the levels proteins or the prsence of new proteins with MW 24-63 kDa especially in combination of BPM1/ RRIC100, BPM24/ RRIC100, BPM24/ RRIC102 and BPM24/ RRIC110. BPM1, BPM24, RRIC100, RRIC102 and PB260 in combined with all the stocks were tested. Analyses of leaf and latex isozymes showed that MDH, PGD, PGI, PER, SKD, GOT and LAP produced monomorphic isozyme bands. The polymorphism were found on EST of PR255/PB260, LCB1320/PB260, GT1/PB260, BPM24/RRIC100 and BPM24/ RRIC101. While the combination of PR255/ PB260, LCB1320/ PB260, GT1/ PB260, BPM24/RRIC101, BPM24/ RIC102, and RRIC100/RRIC110 produced AP polymorphism. Polymorphism for MDH and SKD were also found in PR255/ PB260, LCB1320/PB260 and GT1/PB260. Cluster and UPGMA analyses of protein and isozyme pattern showed combinations of a scion with several different rootstocks belong to the same sub group. However, genetic symilarities among individuals were varieties, it showed that the differences effect of rootstock to the scion from the same clone.

Pengaruh batang bawah terhadap pola pita isoenzim dan protein batang atas pada okulasi tanaman karet (Hevea brasiliensis Muell Arg.) The effect of root stocks on isozymes and protein partterns of scion the budgrafting of rubber plant (Hevea brasiliensis Muell Arg.)

RingkasanHeterogenitas batang bawah pada sistem okulasi Hevea brasiliensis dapat menyebabkan interaksi batang bawah dengan batang atas dapat menimbulkan berbagai tingkat keragaman respons antar individu batang atas dari klon yang sama. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh berbagai jenis batang bawah terhadap respons batang atas dari klon karet yang sama pada okulasi, berdasarkan perubahan pola pita protein, dan isoenzim esterase (EST), asam fospatase (AP), malat dehidrogenase (MDH), fosfogluko oksaloasetat (PGD), fosfo glukosa isomerase (PGI), peroksidase (PER), sikimik dehidrogenase (SKD), glutamat oksaloasetat (GOT) dan leusin aminopeptidase (LAP) dari daun atau lateks batang atas. Kombinasi diuji adalah klon (a) batang atas klon PB260 yang dikombinasikan dengan PR255, BPM1, LCB1320, PR300, AVROS2037, RRIM712 dan GT1, sebagai kontrol GT1/GT1. (b) sebagai batang atas adalah BPM1, BPM24, RRIC100 dan RRIC102 yang dikombinasikan dengan batang bawah BPM1, BPM24, RRIC100, RRIC101, RRIC102 dan RRIC110. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan adanya perubahan pola pita protein lateks PB260 yang diokulasikan pada PR255, BPM1, LCB1320, PR300, AVROS2037, RRIM712 sebagai batang bawah. BPM1, BPM24, RRIC100, RRIC102 sebagai batang atas dengan BPM1, BPM24, RRIC100, RRIC101, RRIC102 dan RRIC110 menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan pola pita protein lateks dari klon yang sama. Terjadi induksi pembentukan protein baru dengan BM 24 kDa pada kombinasi okulasi PB260/ PR255, BPM1/RRIC100, BPM24/ RRIC100, BPM24/RRIC102 dan BPM24/ RRIC110. Hasil analisis isoenzim pada lateks dan daun batang atas menunjukkan bahwa isoenzim MDH, PGD, PGI, PER, SKD, GOT dan LAP menghasilkan pita yang monomorfik untuk seluruh kombinasi okulasi yang diuji. Polimorfisme EST ditemukan pada PR255/PB260, LCB1320/ PB260, GT1/PB260, BPM24/ RRIC100 dan BPM24/RRIC101. Sedang polimorfisme AP ditemukan pada PR255/ PB260, LCB1320/PB260, GT1/ PB260, BPM24/ RRIC101, BPM24/ RRIC102, dan RRIC100/RRIC110. Polimorfisme untuk MDH dan SKD juga ditemukan pada PR255/PB260, LCB1320/PB260 dan GT1/ PB260. Berdasarkan sidik gerombol dan UPGMA dari penggabungan data analisis SDS-PAGE protein dan isoenzim menunjukkan bahwa batang atas dari klon yang sama yang diokulasikan pada berbagai batang bawah yang berbeda, umumnya berada dalam satu sub kelompok yang sama. Namun tingkat kesamaan genetiknya beragam, hal ini menunjukkan adanya perbedaan pengaruh batang bawah terhadap batang atas yang sama. SummaryThe heterogenity of root stocks leads to stock-scion interactions resulting in considerable variation at different level among the population of a single clone. The aim of this research is to study the effect of several rootstock on scion of the rubber clone, based on the changes on budding patterns of leaf or latex protein and isozymes esterase (EST, acid phosphatase (AP), malat dehydrogenase (MDH), phosphogluco oxaloacetate (PGD), phospho glucose isomerase (PGI), peroxidase (PER), shikimic dehydrogenase (SKD), glutamate oxaloacetate (GOT) and leucyne aminopeptidase (LAP), bands pattern. The combinations stocks/scions tested were (a) scion PB260 clone combined with PR255, BPM1, LCB1320, PR300, AVROS2037, RRIM712 and GT1. Control combinations used were GT1/GT1 and (b) as a scion BPM1, BPM24, RRIC100 dan RRIC102 combined with BPM1, BPM24, RRIC100, RRIC101, RRIC102 and RRIC110. The results showed that latex protein bands pattern of PB 260 as a scion were changed in combination with PR255, BPM1, LCB1320, PR300, AVROS2037, RRIM712 as a rootstocks. BPM1, BPM24, RRIC100, RRIC101, RRIC102 and RRIC110 as a rootstocks caused the changes of the latex protein patterns of BPM1, BPM24, RRIC100, RRIC102 as a scion. The interaction among stock/scion showed by the changes on the levels proteins or the prsence of new proteins with MW 24-63 kDa especially in combination of BPM1/ RRIC100, BPM24/ RRIC100, BPM24/ RRIC102 and BPM24/ RRIC110. BPM1, BPM24, RRIC100, RRIC102 and PB260 in combined with all the stocks were tested. Analyses of leaf and latex isozymes showed that MDH, PGD, PGI, PER, SKD, GOT and LAP produced monomorphic isozyme bands. The polymorphism were found on EST of PR255/PB260, LCB1320/PB260, GT1/PB260, BPM24/RRIC100 and BPM24/ RRIC101. While the combination of PR255/ PB260, LCB1320/ PB260, GT1/ PB260, BPM24/RRIC101, BPM24/ RIC102, and RRIC100/RRIC110 produced AP polymorphism. Polymorphism for MDH and SKD were also found in PR255/ PB260, LCB1320/PB260 and GT1/PB260. Cluster and UPGMA analyses of protein and isozyme pattern showed combinations of a scion with several different rootstocks belong to the same sub group. However, genetic symilarities among individuals were varieties, it showed that the differences effect of rootstock to the scion from the same clone.

Two ploidy levels of genetically delimited groups of the Calypogeia fissa complex (Jungermanniopsida, Calypogeiaceae)

Calypogeia fissa is a suboceanic-mediterrean and amphiatlantic species, which comprises two subspecies: C. fissa subsp. fissa occurring in Europe and C. fissa subsp. neogea Schust. known from North America. Recently, within the European part of distribution, three groups (PS, PB and G) were distinguished with the aid of genetic and molecular markers. The flow cytometry results revealed that two of the detected groups of the European C. fissa, which are frequent in Poland (PS and PB), differ in ploidy level: the PS group is haploid, whereas the PB group is diploid. Isozyme pattern at two loci may suggest an allopolyploid origin of the diploid PB group.