SELF ESTEEM LEVEL IN URBAN VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS OF SINDH, PAKISTAN

Self-esteem has earned much interest which is believed to be an important construct for athlete to be able to perform during competition however it is the most crucial and influencing factor contributing to the success or failure of an athlete. The present research explored the aforementioned factor, which influences the performance of volleyball players. The study explored through survey and interview. To triangulate the data, volleyball players of urban areas of Sindh province were interviewed using Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Players were asked to rank various factors that affected their self-esteem. The study was conducted in Hyderabad, Karachi and Mirpurkhaas.The participants were 200 in number. All participants were players of volleyball game only, ranged from 16 to 20 years. The findings indicated that the selfesteem was witnessed low in volleyball players at public colleges. Results from this study suggest that coaches and sport psychology consultants to understand, prepare, and devise and implement, more effective strategies in order to help volleyball players in heightening self-esteem.

Minimization of Ovality of Circular Holes in Drilling Process

In drilling and boring process, the relief in clamping stress causes deformations that cause variations in the geometry of the drilled hole. In automobile industry, when such holes are used to hold gear systems or rods in place, this variation in geometry leads to poor fitting and subsequent failure. To avoid this, high level accuracy is required which is both expensive and time-consuming. Therefore, a high percentage of such drilled parts are rejected in industry. The present paper addresses this problem by characterizing the variations in hole geometry as a function of clamping force, hole diameter, hole eccentricity (distance of hole-center from center of drilled face) and angular position of hole with respect to clamp location. The analysis result quantifies the comparative effect of each aforementioned factor on hole geometry variation. Taguchi Method based Design of Experiments using L25 orthogonal array has been used for performing the parametric design to arrive at the best settings of the 4 parameters. The optimal settings minimize ovality and displacement of the hole-center, and thus increase hole-fitting and its reliability against manufacturing variability.