What is Polypharmacy In People Living With HIV/AIDS? A Systematic Review

Polypharmacy in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) is a rising morbidity that exacts hefty economic burden on health budgets in addition to other adverse clinical outcomes. Despite recent attempts, uncertainty remains around its exact definition in PLWHA. In this synthesis, we explored relevant databases (PUBMED, EMBASE, CROI) for studies evaluating polypharmacy in PLWHA from January 2000 to August 2021. Two independent reviewers extracted and reviewed relevant variables for analyses. The review included a total of 31 studies involving n = 53347 with a mean age of 49.5 (SD±17.0) years. There was a total of 36 definitions, with 93.5% defining polypharmacy as the concomitant use of 5 or more medications. We found significant variation in the numerical definition of polypharmacy, with studies reporting it as “minor” (N = 3); “major” (N = 29); “severe” (N = 2); “excessive” (N = 1); and “higher” (N = 1). Most studies did not incorporate a duration (84%) in their definition and excluded ART medications (67.7%). A plurality of studies in PLWHA have established that polypharmacy in this cohort of patients is the intake of ≥5 non-ART medications. To standardize the approach to addressing this rising morbidity, we recommend incorporation of this definition into national and international PLWHA treatment guidelines.

Poetry as Technē and the Use of Poetry

This chapter treats the question of whether poētikē, the art of poetry, is a technē, something more than an art or skill. The exact definition of technē and whether various skills qualified as technai were philosophical issues from Plato onwards, and Philodemus had opinions about them. In short, poetry is a technē, but what that means is not certain. It is clear that for Epicureans a technē had to be methodical, consistently successful, and teachable, but it is not clear if it had to be useful. Philodemus explicitly denies that poētikē is useful, but other evidence suggests that the Epicureans thought that technai were generally useful. The problem is not solvable on current evidence.

To bnAb or Not to bnAb: Defining Broadly Neutralising Antibodies Against HIV-1

Since their discovery, antibodies capable of broad neutralisation have been at the forefront of HIV-1 research and are of particular interest due to in vivo passive transfer studies demonstrating their potential to provide protection. Currently an exact definition of what is required for a monoclonal antibody to be classed as a broadly neutralising antibody (bnAb) has not yet been established. This has led to hundreds of antibodies with varying neutralisation breadth being studied and has given insight into antibody maturation pathways and epitopes targeted. However, even with this knowledge, immunisation studies and vaccination trials to date have had limited success in eliciting antibodies with neutralisation breadth. For this reason there is a growing need to identify factors specifically associated with bnAb development, yet to do this a set of criteria is necessary to distinguish bnAbs from non-bnAbs. This review aims to define what it means to be a HIV-1 bnAb by comparing neutralisation breadth, genetic features and epitopes of bnAbs, and in the process highlights the challenges of comparing the array of antibodies that have been isolated over the years.

Conceptualising strategic litigation

This article conceptualises the term “strategic litigation” in order to provide for a definition of it. Strategic litigation is a tool increasingly used in Europe by individuals and organisations to attain different objectives. Next to that, there is increasing academic attention for the topic. Nevertheless, the exact definition of “strategic litigation” remains unclear. Therefore, this article uses the research method of conceptualisation as well as a database research and additional literature to provide for a definition. It looks firstly at the background concept, involving the range of meanings associated with the term “strategic litigation”, after which a systematised concept is formed. Thereby, use is made of the “necessary and sufficient conditions” (NSC) approach, to develop the conditions necessary and/or sufficient for a case to fit within the category of strategic litigation. Moreover, the external conceptual relations of the term are explored.

Evaporation front and its motion

The evaporation demands upon a rock or soil surface can exceed the ability of the profile to bring sufficient amount of liquid water. A dry surface layer arises in the porous medium that enables just water vapor flow to the surface. The interface between the dry and wet parts of the profile is known as the evaporation front. The paper gives the exact definition of the evaporation front and studies its motion. A set of differential equations governing the front motion in space is formulated. Making use of a set of measured and chosen values, a problem is formulated that illustrates the obtained theory. The problem is solved numerically and the results are presented and discussed.

Figurative Language in Video of Comedy Central Stand-Up “Losing Arguments with Your Wife After Her Brain Surgery” by Jim Gaffigan

In our daily life, we are using language to communicate with each other. A lot of linguistic aspects in a language, one of them is called figurative language. Figurative language is a word or phrase that has an isolated meaning from its exact definition. People usually use figurative language to emphasize or modify their sentences, so their sentences don't sound like something you often hear; making their sentences more unique has a lot of advantages, just imagine everyone using the same structure, emphasis, and the same emotion in their sentences, it's very horrible. Figurative language is also often used in stand-up comedy. Stand-up comedy is simply a single performed comedy actor in front of the audience.

Conceptualisation of ‘Needs’ in ESP Needs Analysis: A Plethora of Terms

Although there exists extensive literature on needs analysis in English for Specific Purposes (ESP), there is still a disagreement over the exact definition of the term needs. Consequently, there is a plethora of terms used synonymously with the word needs. Terms such as necessities, wants, lacks, desires, deficiencies preferences, requirements, etc. are often encountered in the literature on ESP. Senior scholars or people already familiar with the field of ESP may take these terms for granted. Yet, students and/or novice researchers may find themselves confused about the meaning of these terms. This paper is therefore intended to shed the light on how the term ‘needs’ is conceptualised by different ESP scholars. It shall demonstrate the meaning overlap that exists between the terms used to refer to the concept of needs and discuss the recent categorisation of needs which may prove useful to students and novice scholars in the field of ESP.

The Analysis of Phrasal Verbs and Its Vicinity in Elizabeth Gilbert's Eat, Pray, Love

The aim of this study earnestly regards to the forefront of phrasal verbs and its vicinity. After the writer reaps the phrasal verb, the writer contrives them into four sub-divisions: they are: intransitive, transitive, inseparable, and separable phrasal verb. The data are collected from Eat, Pray, Love novel by Elizabeth Gilbert. The result shows that, they are shown 20 phrasal verbs; they are 17 transitive phrasal verbs, 5 intransitive phrasal verbs, 3 separable phrasal verbs, and 10 inseparable phrasal verbs. The conclusion tells, within the novel, it has been classified all about the phrasal verbs the writer has been conducted yet. Concerning to the four classifications of phrasal verbs that the writer has scoped and found out, hereby it is stated that phrasal verb, definitely, has an exact definition. Certainly, it needs an understanding of current context first (read and understand in a certain dialogue or conversation inside that novel of Eat, Pray, Love) to know what the meaning of that case or topic being conveyed is.

TECENDO HISTÓRIAS… ENTRELAÇANDO NARRATIVAS… TECITURAS QUE CONSTROEM A DOCÊNCIA DE PROFESSORES BACHARÉIS

Este artigo tem como objetivo compreender as trajetórias de vida de professores bacharéis egressos do Programa Especial de Graduação de Formação de Professores para a Educação Profissional (PEG) a fim de investigar os processos formativos que levaram à construção da docência. Os professores investigados participaram de estudo doutoral que buscou apoio metodológico na pesquisa (auto)biográfica, utilizando como metodologia a investigação biográfico-narrativa e fazendo uso de entrevistas narrativas e diário de campo como instrumentos para a produção das informações. O processo de análise foi pautado pela análise narrativa e produziu dois “movimentos”: o primeiro envolveu a reconstrução das trajetórias de vida como textos narrativos, compondo tramas; o segundo fez surgir a “imagem” do “tear biográfico”, um dispositivo que impulsionou o entrelaçamento das tramas, possibilitando a composição de tecituras que constroem a docência dos sujeitos da pesquisa. Compreendemos, dessa forma, que a construção da docência não tem uma definição exata, sendo construída nos percursos vividos pelos sujeitos, nos modos de escritas de si e no entrelaçar das tramas, por meio do “tear biográfico”. Tramas que carregam muitas histórias, muitas memórias e que ao serem entrelaçadas, produziram tecituras - representações, sentidos e saberes - que, neste trabalho, não são entendidas como aspectos fragmentados, mas sim como aspectos que se articulam no movimento de narrar a vida, definindo a docência de quatro professores bacharéis egressos do PEG.Palavras-chave: formação de professores; pesquisa (auto)biográfica; tecituras; construção da docência de bacharéis.WEAVING STORIES... INTERLACING NARRATIVES... WEAVINGS THAT CONSTRUCT THE TEACHING OF BACHELOR TEACHERSAbstractThe purpose of this article is to understand the life trajectories of the bachelor teachers graduated of the Special Program of Graduation of Teacher Education for Professional Education (PEG) in order to investigate the formative processes that led to the construction of teaching. The investigated teachers participated in a doctoral study that sought methodological support in (biographical) research, using biographical-narrative research as a methodology and making use of narrative interviews and field diaries as tools for the production of information. The process of analysis was guided by narrative analysis and produced two "movements": the first involved the reconstruction of life trajectories as narrative texts, composing plots; the second gave rise to the "image" of the "biographical loom", a device that encouraged the interweaving of the plots, making possible the composition of weavings that construct the teaching of the research subjects. It is understood, therefore, that the construction of teaching does not have an exact definition, being built on the paths lived by the subjects, in the ways of writing oneself and in the interweaving of the plots, through the "biographical loom". Plots that carry many stories, many memories and that when intertwined, produced weavings - representations, senses and knowledge - that in this work are not understood as fragmented aspects, but rather as aspects that are articulated in the movement of narrating life, defining the teaching of four PEG graduates.Keywords: teacher training; (auto) biographical research; weavings; construction of the teaching of bachelors.TEJER HISTORIAS... ENTRELAZANDO NARRATIVAS: TECITURAS QUE CONSTRUEN LA DOCENCIA DE PROFESORES LICENCIADOS ResumenEste artículo tiene como objetivo comprender las trayectorias de vida de profesores licenciados egresados del Programa Especial de Graduación de Formación de Profesores para la Educación Profesional (PEG) con la finalidad de investigar los procesos formativos que llevaron a la construcción de la docencia. Los profesores investigados participaron en un estudio doctoral que buscó apoyo metodológico en la investigación (auto) biográfica, utilizando como metodología la investigación biográfica-narrativa y haciendo uso de entrevistas narrativas e diario de campo como instrumentos para la producción de las informaciones. El proceso de análisis fue pautado por el análisis narrativo y produjo dos "movimientos": el primer movimiento implicó la reconstrucción de las trayectorias de vida como textos narrativos, componiendo tramas; el segundo movimiento hizo surgir la "imagen" del "tear biográfico", un dispositivo que impulsó el entrelazamiento de tramas, que posibilita la composición de tecituras que construyen la docencia de los sujetos de la investigación. Comprendemos, de esta forma, que la construcción de la docencia no tiene una definición exacta, siendo construida en los recorridos vividos por los sujetos, en los modos de escrituras de sí y en el entrelazamiento de las tramas, por medio del "tear biográfico". Tramas que cargan muchas historias, muchas memorias y que al ser entrelazadas, produjeron tecituras - representaciones, sentidos y saberes. - que, en este trabajo, no se entienden como aspectos fragmentados, sino como aspectos que se articulan en el movimiento de narrar la vida, definiendo la docencia de cuatro profesores licenciados y egresados del PEG.Palavras-llave: formação de professores; pesquisa (auto)biográfica; tecituras; construção da docência de bacharéis.

Early Gastrointestinal Progression to Immunotherapy in Lung Cancer: A Report of Two Cases

Intestinal and pancreatic metastases are rare and often challenging to recognize and manage. Lung cancer patients with enteric involvement usually display poor outcomes. Hyperprogression to immunotherapy represents a concern, even though there is currently no agreement on its exact definition. Gastrointestinal hyperprogression to immune checkpoint inhibitors has not been described so far. In these cases, distinguishing disease-related symptoms from immune-related adverse events may represent a diagnostic conundrum. Here, we report two cases of non-small-cell lung cancer experiencing a rapid pancreatic and colic progression to immunotherapy, respectively. While further investigations to identify biomarkers associated with hyperprogression are warranted, clinicians should be aware of the potential unusual clinical presentations of this phenomenon.