Effect of epinephrine on the absorption of lidocaine following application to the oral mucosa in rats

Background We investigated the role of epinephrine in prolonging the localization of lidocaine on the oral mucosa and inhibiting its absorption in the blood of rats. Methods We used 7–8-week-old pathogen-free Wistar male rats (n = 128) for our study. We divided them into the control group administered with 14C-labeled lidocaine hydrochloride gel only and the study group administered with 14C-labeled lidocaine hydrochloride gel with epinephrine. The medications were administered in the palatal mucosa of the rats. The amount of mucosa, palatine bone, and serum lidocaine was measured by radioactivity using a liquid scintillation counter and was observed using autoradiograms. Results Initially, there was no significant difference in the lidocaine levels between the lidocaine and lidocaine with epinephrine groups in the palatal mucosa (751.9 ± 133.8 vs. 669.8 ± 101.6 ng/mg [2 min]). After 4 min, the values were significantly lower in the lidocaine with epinephrine group (1040.0 ± 142.8 vs. 701.2 ± 109.0 ng/mg [20 min]). After 40 min, the lidocaine level became significantly higher in the lidocaine with epinephrine group (586.8 ± 112.4 vs. 1131.3 ± 155.2 ng/mg [40 min]). Similar results were observed in the palatine bone and serum. Conclusion Epinephrine prolonged the localization of lidocaine applied to the mucosa and inhibited its absorption into the bloodstream of rats. Clinical studies are required to evaluate the use of epinephrine-containing topical anesthetics on the oral mucosa.

Effect of Epinephrine on the Absorption of Lidocaine Following Application to the Oral Mucosa in Rats

Objective We investigated the role of epinephrine in prolonging the localization of a topical anesthetic on oral mucosa and inhibiting its absorption in blood. Methods We used 7–8-week-old specific-pathogen-free Wistar male rats (n = 128) for our study. We divided them into lidocaine and lidocaine with epinephrine groups and applied 5 µL of 14C-labeled lidocaine hydrochloride gel and 10 µg/mL 14C-labeled lidocaine hydrochloride gel with added epinephrine to the palatal mucosae of the rats, respectively. The amount of lidocaine was measured by radioactivity and was observed using autoradiograms. Results After 4 min, the values were significantly lower in the lidocaine with epinephrine group (1040.0 ± 142.8 vs. 701.2 ± 109.0 ng/mg [20 min]). After 40 min, the lidocaine level became significantly higher in the lidocaine with epinephrine group (586.8 ± 112.4 vs. 1131.3 ± 155.2 ng/mg [40 min]). Similar results were observed in the palatine bone and mucosa and serum. Conclusion Epinephrine prolonged the localization of lidocaine applied to the mucosa and inhibited its absorption into the bloodstream. Clinical studies are required to evaluate the use of epinephrine-containing topical anesthetics on the oral mucosa.

Anteroposterior length of the maxillary complex and its relationship with the anterior cranial base:

ABSTRACT Objectives To use both absolute anteroposterior maxillary complex length (APMCL) and relative APMCL to investigate the relationship between the maxillary complex, its individual bony segments, and their association to the anterior cranial base. In addition, the relationship between length and position of the maxillary complex was analyzed. Materials and Methods Sixty human skulls were analyzed using cone beam computed tomography. The maxillary complex length was measured between anterior and posterior nasal spine (ans-pns), and the average was used as the cut-off to identify a high- and a low-length group based on absolute APMCL. The length ratio between the maxillary complex and the anterior cranial base (ans-pns/SN) was used to identify the two groups based on relative APMCL. The anterior cranial base length and the lengths of the maxillary complex bones were compared between the high- and low-length groups. Results Based on absolute APMCL, individuals with shorter maxillary complex had shorter anterior cranial base (P = .003), representing normal proportions. Based on relative APMCL, individuals with shorter maxillary complex had longer anterior cranial base and vice versa (P = .014), indicating disproportions. Individuals with shorter maxillary complex exhibited shorter maxilla (Δ = −1.5 mm, P = .014). Conclusions When skeletal deformity of the midface is suspected, individual disproportions in the anteroposterior length of the maxillary complex in relation to the anterior cranial base (relative measurements) should be assessed through radiological imaging. A shorter maxillary complex may be associated with a shorter maxilla, and not with a shorter premaxilla or palatine bone.

Morphological Studies and Arterial Supply of the Pharynx in the Goat (Capra hiracus)

The present work was carried out to give complete information about the anatomy and histology of pharynx in the goat which may be helpful for further studies to both under graduate and post graduate studies. The morphological studies of the pharynx entailed the collection of twenty-four heads together with first two cervical vertebrae from apparently healthy adult goats of both sexes from the Giza governorate. The results showed that the pharynx in goat was an irregular funnel shaped structure. It extended from the caudal end of the horizontal lamina of the palatine bone, extended caudoventrally up to the level of the caudal border of the wing of atlas. The pharyngeal fornix was smooth and concave and divided by the septum pharyngis into two deep narrow cavities. The pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube was crescent shaped slit situated at the caudodorsal part of the lateral wall of the nasopharynx. It was covered medially by a thin mucosal fold (salpingo-pharyngeal fold, contained hyaline cartilage in lamina propria). Both the Tonsilla pharyngea and the Tonsilla tubaria observed only microscopically. The oropharynx was short, wide and dilatable. The palatine tonsil was located on the caudal third of the lateral wall of the oropharynx. The pharynx of the goat received its arterial blood supply via the ascending pharyngeal, ascending palatine arteries, and the pharyngeal branches of the cranial thyroid, cranial laryngeal and Rr. musculares of the lingual artery. The soft palate is vascularized through lesser palatine artery, in addition to the branches of the pterygoid artery of the maxillary artery. The results obtained were discussed with the available literature in different animals.

Analysis of whether or not the alveolar palatine bone thickness of the central incisors is sufficient for implants of 3 mm and 3.5 mm thickness using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the alveloar palatine bone thickness of the maxillary central incisors using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Material and Methods: This study used the CBCT images of 480 patients (240 male – 240 female). In order to determine bone thickness, measurements were made on the program perpendicularly to the long axis of the tooth at 3 points selected from the 3, 6 and 9 mm apical or the enamel-cement border in parallel to the long axis of the central teeth. Results: For the left central teeth, the mean palatine bone thickness was found for the coronal, medial and apical regions as 1.48 mm, 3.09 mm and 5.13 mm, respectively, while these values were respectively 1.35 mm, 2.95 mm and 5.10 mm for the right side. Conclusion: Considering that there should be a bone of at least 1 mm thickness on socket walls for immediate implantation, it was determined that palatine bone thickness is not sufficient by itself for immediate implantation. As a result of the analysis, it was seen that the palatine alveloar bone thickness that was observed in women was thinner than that in men. How to cite this article: Üner DD, İzol BS. Analysis of whether or not the alveloar palatine bone thickness of the central incisors is sufficient for implants of 3 mm and 3.5 mm thickness using cone-beam computed tomography. Int Dent Res 2019;9(2):51-7. Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.