Estimating the Characteristics and Emission Factor of Ammonia from Sewage Sludge Incinerator

In the case of sewage sludge, as direct landfilling was recently prohibited, it is treated through incineration. Among the air pollutants discharged through the incineration of sewage sludge, NOx and SOx are considered secondary substances of PM2.5 and are being managed accordingly. However, NH3, another of the secondary substances of PM2.5, is not well managed, and the amount of NH3 discharged from sewage sludge incineration facilities has not been calculated. Therefore, in this study, we sought to determine whether NH3 is discharged in the exhaust gas of a sewage sludge incineration facility, and, when discharged, the NH3 emission factor was calculated, and the necessity of the development of the emission factor was reviewed. As a result of the study, it was confirmed that the amount of NH3 discharged from the sewage sludge incineration facility was 0.04 to 4.47 ppm, and the emission factor was calculated as 0.002 kg NH3/ton. The NH3 emission factor was compared with the NH3 emission factor of municipal solid waste proposed by EMEP/EEA (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme/European Environment Agency) because the NH3 emission factor of the sewage sludge incineration facility had not been previously determined. As a result of the comparison, the NH3 emission factor of EMEP/EEA was similar to that of municipal solid waste, confirming the necessity of developing the NH3 emission factor of the sewage sludge incineration facility. In addition, the evaluation of the uncertainty of the additionally calculated NH3 emission factor was conducted quantitatively and the uncertainty range was presented for reference. In the future, it is necessary to improve the reliability of the NH3 emission factor of sewage sludge incineration facilities by performing additional analysis with statistical representation. In addition, the development of NH3 emission factors for industrial waste incineration facilities should be undertaken.

Effects of Biostimulants on Primary and Secondary Substance Contents in Lettuce Plants

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is not only easy to grow, but it is also common in diets around the world. This study was conducted to determine the impact of Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum Rottler), soybean (Glycine max L.) leaf, and soybean stem extracts on lettuce plants’ secondary substances, minerals, amino acids, and free sugars. This study was carried out in order to better understand which types of plant extract applications are most effective in increasing lettuce plants’ nutritional value. While not all applications produced an increased nutritional value in the lettuce plants, we found that soybean leaf extract treatments increased the Mg and Ca contents and Chinese chive treatments increased the Fe contents in the lettuce plants. Additionally, glucose and maltose contents in lettuce plants were higher after treatments of Chinese chive and soybean leaf extracts. Finally, all selected extracts increased the total and free amino acid levels in our test plants.

Disorders caused by feed-borne pathogens and poisons, and nutrient deficiencies.

In this chapter disorders caused by mycotoxins, phytoestrogens, secondary substances, bacterial, viral and prion diseases in feed are discussed. Disorders due to poisons and mineral deficiencies are also presented.

Aristotle’s Disturbing Relatives

In Categories 7, Aristotle gives two different accounts of relatives, and presents the principle of cognitive symmetry, which seems to help distinguish between relatives and some secondary substances. I suggest that the long-disputed difference between the two accounts lies in a difference in the determination of the categorial status of the object in question, and I formulate the principle of cognitive symmetry such that it plays a crucial role in making explicit how one conceptualizes the categorial status of the object. I then set out some consequences following from this understanding for certain interpretive issues, such as the unity of the Categories.

Ethnobotanical Uses of Medicinal Plants for the Treatment of Herniated Disc in Turkish Traditional Medicine

Humans have known the therapeutic properties and plant origin poisons of many plant species since ancient times. Ancient people who had no real and scientific knowledge on diseases and treatments tried to find solutions to these problems by the opportunities they had and the theories they could produce. Plants are the most important source of traditional folk medicine. People around the world have benefited from plants grown in their environment for this purpose. In these drugs, whole plant or various plant organs or secondary substances were used. Over the years, several therapies have emerged to treat herniated disc, ranging from conservative treatment to minimally invasive and percutaneous techniques to open surgical methods. This chapter examines the recent studies to form a compilation on ethnobotanical uses of medicinal plants for the treatment of herniated disc and their local names, parts, and usage forms in Turkish traditional medicine.

Graphite in an archaeological context comparing to other black substances – research problems and prospects

In the archaeological context, substances with a black color have been extensively used in many ancient communities, in the form of items and layers, with the use of biogenic and mineral substances, and requiring a separate methodological approach. Each of them behaves differently in technological and postdepositional processes. The potential degree of the complexity of intentionally applied layers (e.g. paints or cosmetics) and the overlap of secondary substances and crusts, increases difficulties in obtaining unambiguous results and their interpretation. Graphite plays an important role among them. Several areas of the current use of graphite are, or at least could be, commonly shared in the present and in the past, and thus their analysis could be inspiring for archaeology and archaeometry. Graphite fingerprint and potential fingerprints are discussed in terms of their variability. The problem of graphitization as a potential source of misleading interpretation is discussed.

Understanding the evolution of phenotypical characters in the Micarea prasina group (Pilocarpaceae) and descriptions of six new species within the group

Six new Micarea species are described from Europe. Phylogenetic analyses, based on three loci, i.e. mtSSU rDNA, Mcm7 and ITS rDNA and ancestral state reconstructions, were used to evaluate infra-group divisions and the role of secondary metabolites and selected morphological characters on the taxonomy in the M.prasina group. Two main lineages were found within the group. The Micareamicrococca clade consists of twelve species, including the long-known M.micrococca and the newly described M.microsorediata, M.nigra and M.pauli. Within this clade, most species produce methoxymicareic acid, with the exceptions of M.levicula and M.viridileprosa producing gyrophoric acid. The M.prasina clade includes the newly described M.azorica closely related to M.prasina s.str., M.aeruginoprasina sp. nov. and M.isidioprasina sp. nov. The species within this clade are characterised by the production of micareic acid, with the exception of M.herbarum which lacks any detectable substances and M.subviridescens that produces prasinic acid. Based on our reconstructions, it was concluded that the ancestor of the M.prasina group probably had a thallus consisting of goniocysts, which were lost several times during evolution, while isidia and soredia evolved independently at multiple times. Our research supported the view that the ancestor of M.prasina group did not produce any secondary substances, but they were gained independently in different lineages, such as methoxymicareic acid which is restricted to M.micrococca and allied species or micareic acid present in the M.prasina clade.

Aristotle on Secondary Substance

At the beginning of Categories 5, Aristotle distinguishes between two kinds of substance: primary substance and secondary substance. Primary substances include particular living organisms, inanimate objects, and their parts. Secondary substances are the species and genera of these. This distinction is unique to the Categories, which raises the question of why Aristotle treats species and genera as substances. I argue that Aristotle has two distinct reasons for doing so, and contrast my interpretation with recent alternatives. On my view, species and genera enjoy two kinds of fundamentality – ontological and epistemological – in virtue of which they warrant their status as substances.

New species in the genus Graphis with transversally septate ascospores (Ascomycota: Ostropales: Graphidaceae) from Colombia

The lichenized genus Graphis sensu Staiger (Graphidaceae) is listed with 67 species in the most recent version of the Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia. Revision of recent publications and approximately 700 collections housed in the Cryptogams Section of the Herbario Forestal “Gilberto Emilio Mahecha Vega” of the Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas in Bogotá revealed 70 additions to the Colombian lichen biota in this genus and the recently segregated genus Allographa, including 13 species new to science, from the departments of Boyacá, Casanare, Cauca, Cesar, Cundinamarca, Meta, Nariño, Santander, and Tolima. In this paper, six new species of Graphis with transversely septate ascospores are described, illustrated, and discussed. The new taxa are: Graphis amaliana, with lirellae becoming striate, laterally carbonized excipulum, clear hymenium, large, transversely septate ascospores, and norstictic acid; differing from Allographa celata and A. verminosa in the verrucose thallus and erumpent lirellae with verruculose thallin margin, as well as in the broader ascospores; G. carmenelisana with labia becoming striate, completely carbonized excipulum, inspersed hymenium (type A), large, transversely septate ascospores, and stictic acid; differing from Graphis gloriosensis in the rugose-verruculose thallus and the radiately branched lirellae with apically thin complete thalline margin and labia becoming striate; G. kavintuca with entire lirellae, laterally carbonized excipulum, clear hymenium, small to medium-sized, transversely septate ascospores, and lacking substances; differing from A. elongata in the lirellae lacking a thalline margin and from A. nana in the larger ascospores and the longer, flexuose lirellae; G. rosalbinana with lirellae becoming striate, completely carbonized excipulum, clear hymenium, small, transversely septate ascospores, and norstictic acid; differing from G. schiffneri in the shape and disposition of the lirellae; G. santanderiana with entire lirellae, laterally carbonized excipulum, clear hymenium, small, transversely septate ascospores, and lacking secondary substances; differing from G. imshaugii in the laterally carbonized excipulum and lack of secondary substances; G. solmariana with entire lirellae, laterally carbonized excipulum, clear hymenium, large, transversely septate ascospores, and stictic acid; differing from G. sitapurensis in the basal thalline margin and the broader ascospores. A remarkably high number of new species are from high altitude andine forest and paramo, habitats previously not believed to be rich in Graphis species.

A new species of Glyphis Ach. and three new records of Graphis Adans. (Graphidaceae) from Bali Island, Indonesia

Glyphis batuana Hardini, Kasiamdari & Purnomo sp. nov. is a new species of lichenized fungus found on the bark of the Frangipani tree (Plumeria sp.). The new species from Batuan village (Gianyar districts), Bali Island, Indonesia is described and illustrated. It is characterized by its lirelliform, unbranched ascomata, entire labia, black, open disc with brown pruina, completely carbonized excipulum, 8-spored asci with 8-10 locular ascospores, and lack of secondary substances. A key to species of Glyphis Ach. in Indonesia is provided. Three new records of Graphis Adans., namely G. conferta Zenker, G. immersella Mull. Arg. and G. nilgiriensis Adaw. & Makhija are also reported.