Discovery of Kerivoula kachinensis and a validity of K. titania (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in China

In April 2019, 15 (10♂, 5♀) Kerivoula bats were collected by harp traps from Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, China. External and craniodental examination, multivariate statistical analyses and molecular phylogenetic inference (CoI, Cytb and Rag2 gene markers) indicated they are Kerivoula kachinensis and Kerivoula titania, respectively. Former represents a new chiropteran record from China, while the latter is a valid occurrence of K. titania in this region because recent study indicate a misidentification of “K. titania” in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan, China. All specimens are presently preserved at Key Laboratory of Conservation and Application in Biodiversity of South China in Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China. Nowadays, four woolly bats occur in China including, Kerivoula furva, K. kachinensis, Kerivoula picta and K. titania, whilst there is a risk of underestimation the actual species diversity in China region when comparing those of neighboring region such as Vietnam. Supports for field survey need to be continued in future.

Distributions patterns of Cixiidae (Hemiptera, Fulgoroidea) in China highlight their high endemic diversity

Does the distribution of the Hemiptera planthoppers Cixiidae, follow the patterns of biogeogaphical distribution already well established for their host plants or other taxa because they are all obligatory phytophagous taxa? Are their realms and boundaries recognized? What are their zoogeographical regions and usual connections? To investigate these issues, we provide here a referenced and comprehensive checklist of the 253 cixiid species currently reported from China, with their precise distribution at the regional level. Seventy seven of these species are new records for China. In the 8 Chinese main zoogeographical regions usually recognized and 2 adjacent areas, we analyzed further their diversity at the tribal, generic and specific levels using a non-metric multidimensional scaling and an unweighted pairwise group analysis using an arithmetic mean cluster analyses. The observed distribution patterns have shown that an intercalary Sino-Japanese realm is present between the Palaearctic and Oriental realms. At the regional level, the South China region cluster is more closely with the Southwest, Central and North China regions. Taiwan is clearly separated from the South China region and mainland China, but is more closely related to the Qinghai-Tibet region and Indochina countries. The Central and South China regions are close to each other, but the Qinghai-Tibet region is singularly different. An updated checklist of the 253 Cixiidae species currently known to occur in China that composes 10% of the Chinese planthopper fauna, is presented, based on original literature, collections in institutions, and museum records. More than 400 records distributed among the 28 provinces and regions in China are provided including 77 new records for China. More than 80% of the species (205 species, 81.03%) have been only reported from China, and most of them are Chinese endemic species, which reflects the great diversity of the Chinese regional and local biotypes and highlights the uniqueness of this fauna. These species are found in 8 zoogeographical regions in China: The Taiwan region is the most diversified with 161 species and the highest rate of endemic species (70.81%), followed by South China (76 species, 17.11%), Central China (62 species, 35.48%), Southwest China (42 species, 40.48%), North China (29 species, 34.48%), Qinghai-Tibet region (10 species, 20%), Northeast China (8 species, 12.5%), and 5 species found in the Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang region that are not endemic. Thirty eight main distribution patterns were identified, and 9 of them were bi-regionally and tri-regionally distributed. The South China-Taiwan pattern has the highest proportion of these major distribution patterns followed by the Central-South China-Taiwan pattern. Semonini and Pentrastirini tribes are widespread among the 8 Chinese zoological regions, representing, respectively, 20.55% and 17% of all species of Chinese cixiids. Cixiini are the most common species of planthopper composing of 45.85% of the total planthopper species found in China , and they occur in 7 Chinese regions but are absent from northeastern China. The next most common Tribes are: Andini with only 5.14% of these species distributed in the Sino-Japanese - Oriental Region; Eucarpini (6.32%) and Borysthenini (1.98%), which are mainly concentrated in the south of the Qingling Mountain-Huai River. The remaining four tribes, Bennini (0.40%), Brixini (0.79%), Oecleini (1.58%) and Stenophlepsini (0.04%) are relatively rare and restricted to Taiwan. A non-metric multidimensional scaling and an unweighted pairwise group method analysis using arithmetic mean clustering based on the Jaccard similarity coefficient matrix support a Palaearctic/Sino-Japanese boundary and a South China region closer to the Southwest, Central and North China regions. The Taiwan region appears clearly separated from the South China region and to mainland China, but more closely related to the Qinghai-Tibet region and Indochina countries. The Central and South China regions appear close to each other, but the Qinghai-Tibet region is singularly isolated.

PERTUMBUHAN INSTITUSI SOSIAL POLITIK SAMUDERA PASAI, MALAKA, BANTEN DAN MATARAM

The journey and progress of Islam in Indonesia has finally brought about changes in social fields that are different in social construction and encourage political points of view. This development can be seen from the problems of language, teaching, and socio-government. The language change was distinguished by a change in names which were mostly taken from Arabic, such as Abdul, Syah and Malik. Moreover, the pesantren contains about sharia, tashawuf, and development organizations. The presence of Islam in Southeast Asia at that time may not have an impact on the world today. After an episode of workers' resistance in the South China region against the Chief of Hey Tsung (878-889 AD) which killed many Muslims, they began to seek asylum in Kedah (around that time Kedah was remembered as Sriwijaya territory). This paper is of a qualitative type, with a library research approach. The entry of Islam to Indonesia changed the social and political conditions based on Islam as brought by the preachers. Second, the presence of the Islamic kingdom in Indonesia had a great influence on the development and spread of Islam in Indonesia. Third Some of the Islamic kingdoms that contributed to the spread of Islam in Indonesia were the Samudera Pasai Kingdom, the Banten Kingdom, the Malacca Kingdom, and the Mataram Kingdom.

DYNAMIC VOLATILITY SPILLOVERS ACROSS THE EXTENDED GREATER CHINA REGION STOCK MARKETS

The study investigates volatility transmissions of major financial market indices found in the Extended Greater China Region (EGCR): the Shanghai Stock Exchange Index (SSEI), the Hang Seng Stock Exchange Index (HSEI), the Taiwan Stock Exchange Capitalization Weighted Stock Index (TAIEX), and the Singapore Stock Exchange Index (STI). This paper utilizes three Multivariate Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (MGARCH) models to determine variance persistence in the EGCR. The MGARCH approach applies the Baba–Engle–Kraft–Kroner (BEKK) model and the dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) and constant conditional correlation (CCC) estimations. This research found that the SSEI consistently has the highest volatility among the stock markets in the EGCR, and this can be explained by the poor acknowledgment of minority shareholders’ rights or having a weak so-called “common-law” regime. The paper also found that volatilities in the EGCR are determined strongly by their own lagged values more than the product of lagged cross-products of shocks. This means that financial market movements in the EGCR are still strongly influenced by internal factors more than the external influences. The paper contributes to the literature by understanding the potential changes in volatility relationships in low- and high-volatility regimes of the EGCR, which can be used to improve risk management practices and asset allocation techniques in the region.

A Bibliometric Study of Research Topics and Sustainability of Packaging in the Greater China Region

The consumption and sustainability of packaging are significant concerns. With development of the division of labor during economic globalization, packaging issues are viewed differently in different regions. This study focused on the Greater China region, which has recently experienced rapid economic growth. Bibliometric analyses were performed using data from two Chinese academic databases, CNKI-CAJD of Mainland China and CEPS of Taiwan; 24,790 journal papers on packaging published between 1989 and 2019 were investigated using keyword co-occurrence analyses and cluster maps. The history of research on packaging in Greater China is summarized and the research areas are categorized into five common subjects: design and consumption assessment, marketing and image packaging, food packaging, special item packaging, and structure and materials. Among these subjects, CNKI-CAJD mostly focuses on industrial applications in packaging institutions and industry, division of labor in the packaging industry, and foreign trade commodity packaging, while CEPS focuses on diversified aspects of green design and education in packaging and environmental protection and packaging development. The results map out Chinese research on packaging and can serve as a reference for applying environmental sustainability in the packaging field.