The Moral Sciences Tripos and Cambridge Political Economy

The Cambridge Economics Tripos (an honours degree) was created in 1903 by detaching the teaching of economics in Cambridge from the Moral Sciences Tripos, a broad degree including logic, psychology, and politics and ethics. To understand why Alfred Marshall sought to detach the teaching of economics in this way we need to understand both the nature of this undergraduate programme of study, as well as the model that he sought to emulate: the Mathematical Tripos. This had been until mid-century the primary Cambridge qualification, and rather than a training in mathematics per se, its examination sought to foster a particular intellectual discipline. Students were trained in groups, usually by non-college private ‘coaches’, who drilled students in techniques with whose aid they might solve the questions put to them during several days of examinations. Good students became adept at the speedy selection of the appropriate technique and its application to a given problem. By contrast, the Moral Sciences Tripos was organised around the interpretation of set (canonical) books, and so did not foster this problem-solving approach.

E-SPORTS GLOBAL MARKET: CONTEMPORARY TRENDS

The purpose of this study is to identify aspects of the e-sports commercialization and analyze its entrepreneurial core. Based on the of the economic science initial models, e-sports genesis, data from the author's sociological survey and secondary sources of information, elements of commercialization of the entrepreneurial core of e-sports are systematized. The main milestones of e-sports development in the world in general and in Russia in particular are monitored; examples of the e-sports development in the period of COVID-19 pandemic are given; market participants of the industry are identified. Comparative analysis of multilevel ecosystems of sports competitions in the field of traditional sports and e-sports is carried out; statistics of the global e-sports market from 2016 to 2019 and a description of the resource base of e-sports are given. The authors methodize the elements of commercialization and monetization of the entrepreneurial core of e-sports. Based on the results of the author's sociological survey, and the analysis conducted in the paper, it is concluded that the basis of the entrepreneurial core of e-sports is the intellectual and physical activity of people based on electronic games. Thus, e-sports can be considered to be a fundamentally new intellectual discipline, forming around itself stakeholders that contribute to its monetization. It is concluded that the e-sports business core is bottomed on the physical and intellectual activity of people based on electronic games. The results of the study can be used by various entrepreneurial structures working in the sports industry.

Talmud and Philosophy

“Talmud” means in Tannaitic Hebrew “learning,” “study,” or more precisely “expounding.” From the Middle Ages and on, the term came to refer to two corpora of rabbinic literature from Late Antiquity, called, respectively, Palestinian Talmud, or “Yerushalmi,” and Babylonian Talmud, or “Bavli.” Even broader, the term can mean rabbinic literature in Late Antiquity in general to include corpora of the Mishnah, Midrash, and other genres of late ancient rabbinic literature as well. There traditionally has been an incongruity in thinking about “Talmud and philosophy.” Philosophy was always understood as a discipline of thinking that has developed historically from Antiquity on. However, “Talmud” has been predominantly understood as an object, a book, “the Talmud” as opposed to “Talmud” as an intellectual discipline. That understanding leads to the first rubric in this article: the Talmud as an Object of Philosophical or Theoretical Inquiry: Comparative Study. The rubric embraces synchronic and diachronic comparative studies of the Talmud (as an object) in its relationship to philosophy as a discipline at various stages of its development. Yet beginning from the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, the Talmud acquired a new understanding. Now, like philosophy, it has come to be understood as a discipline of thinking (which renders in English as Talmud, without the “the”). Not totally unlike how the discipline of rhetoric has been classified by different authors as either a part of philosophy or the philosophy’s most significant other, Talmud also has been placed differently in relation to philosophy. Different authors understand it either as one among other philosophical disciplines or, alternatively, as a discipline of its own, distinct from philosophy. That translates into the second rubric of this article, Talmud as a Discipline of Thinking at different periods of its evolution from Late Antiquity to modern times. The third major rubric is thematic; it includes works in which Talmud and philosophy is a theme (“(The) Talmud and Philosophy” as a Theme). As is true for all schematic divisions, a specific work, author, or line of thinking can defy this partition. Focused as it is on relationships between Talmud and philosophy, this article does not address a related but radically different field of philosophy, that of halakhah (Jewish Law), for the latter treats the Talmud as neither an object nor a discipline, but rather as a source of law; this is a radically different pursuit belonging to a bibliography on law and philosophy, which is not treated in this article. This selected bibliography focuses primarily on individual monographs published in the last ten years, with an even more selective mention of what has proved to be influential works in this category published earlier. The compilers of this bibliography envision it as a node and invite additional entries accompanied by original bibliographic descriptions, which will be credited to the name of their authors. Rather than providing general bibliographic descriptions available elsewhere, the annotations of entries focus on the relation of each monograph to the theme of this particular article.

How Do We Decide? Thought Architecture Decision Making?

The study of decision-making is an intellectual discipline; mathematics, sociology, psychology, economics, political science, artificial intelligence, neuroscience and physics. Conventional decision theory tells us what choice of behavior should be made if we follow certain axioms. Scientific curiosity instructs us to reconsider beyond any area in which we have defined ourselves. We design the intertwining of brain, genetics, phylogenetics, and artificial and neural networks in financial trading to find the best combinations of parameter values in financial trading, incorporating them into ANN models for stock selection and trader identification. The purpose and goal of the paper is to make financial decisions in the intertwining of the brain, genetics, phylogenetics and artificial neural networks, focusing on opening new foundations, giving insights into the foundation rock that lies beneath that soil. Science seeks basic natural laws. Mathematics seeks new theorems to build on old ones. Engineering builds systems to address human needs. The three disciplines are interdependent, but different and yet Claude Shannon simultaneously makes a central contribution to all three disciplines, this was the guiding idea of our work (finance, neuroscience, artificial intelligence).

Introduction

This chapter presents the basic question of this textbook: what might be meant by asking about the “ethics” of capitalism? And what makes this question so important that it gets its own book? The chapter then proceeds by first clarifying the intellectual discipline of political economy, emphasizing its philosophical and moralized content. This helps draw attention to the problem of economic justice. The chapter then distinguishes capitalism from alternative institutional systems before articulating the key questions about capitalism and justice that will be discussed in the larger body of the book, as well as the methods used to consider various answers to such questions.

Transcendence and freely chosen constraints

Four areas that can evoke a sense of transcendence are explored – music, marriage, intellectual discipline and worship – and affinities (and differences) are traced between religious and non-religious responses to the first three. Worship, however, is seen as especially distinctive for those who are religious.

Prolegomena

Systematic theology is an intellectual discipline for insiders which presupposes the canonical faith of the church embedded in the creeds. This in turn assumes an understanding of the Gospel and serious initiation into the kingdom of God. As an intellectual discipline, systematic theology requires various modes of thinking: expository, hermeneutical, constructive, and apologetic. Epistemological issues can be mentioned but must not be allowed to marginalize the great themes of theology. In this work, the author draws on Scripture understood as a medium of divine revelation, experience, and reason. Yet the aim is to stick to theology proper and return to focused work on the central elements of Christian teaching.

4. The modern world

Although we can view sociology as a disinterested intellectual discipline that stands aside from the world it observes, sociology is itself a symptom of the very things it describes. ‘The modern world’ summarizes what sociology sees as distinctive about the social formations that concern it, considering modernity, social order, social mobility, and postmodernity. The key sociological proposition that much of our world is inadvertent and unintended is important, not just for understanding why things do not go as planned, but also for understanding why things are as they are. This has serious policy implications, because if we misunderstand the causes of what concerns us, we misdirect our efforts to change it.